Descriptive Essay: “My Professor” Essay

On a Monday afternoon, after discussing my computer science project with my professor, I find myself seated in a visitor’s chair in his office on the second floor of the Glatfelter Hall. The professor is about to leave the room to grab some books and a cup of coffee, but he allows me to stay. (Seeing myself as a professor in the future, I enjoy hanging out in my professor’s office.) I am facing the door. Nothing is blocking my view. Twenty feet in front of me, the hallway intersects my vantage point, so I’m able to see students and professors moving left and right like pedestrians on a New York City street corner. Quickly, I put my computer science notebook in my backpack, get my ASUS pro-book, and create a blank document in Microsoft Word. My viewpoint is set and I now begin looking for subjects. My computer clock reads 4:13PM. To my left I can see wooden shelves of well-thumbed books on java, c++, unix, linux, a stack of Wired magazines, a coffee maker and a coffee mug, an out of box macbook air and an amazon box. In the hallway, coming from right, two short and skinny Asian looking males (subjects# 20130128/1 and 20130128/2) appear in view. As they head in my direction, I can hear their excited chatter in Chinese. With little smiles on their tan faces, they greet me. Straight black hair frames their flat faces with a narrow nose and wide cheekbones. They do not find the professor at his desk, so I tell them that the professor is expected to be back shortly. With the excited look in the faces, the subjects introduce themselves to me as Chang and Lionel. Wearing boat shoes, worn and tattered jeans and t-shirts with intricate logos, the subjects mention recently returning to campus from the study abroad program in Florence, Italy. In a few seconds, they leave and I do not see them again. Read Also:  Ideas for Descriptive Essay At 4:25 pm, suddenly, a pigeon-chested male, age 35-40,( subject# 20130128/3, â€Å"the Professor†) with a height of about five feet and eleven inches, a rectangular body shape and a flat stomach smiles, walks toward me and settles to my right into a height-adjustable, blue swivel chair with armrests. In front of him, I notice a chestnut brown, cluttered desk that could easily accommodate four people, but is accommodating around forty four thousand pages of books, exams, and magazines. I see no personal touches on his desk. There are no pictures or little knickknacks. Instead, a seventeen-inch black Lenovo monitor, with two slim speakers on each side, sits in the middle of the desk top. He mentions that he would like to use my help as a assistant in one of his introductory courses this semester. Politely, I nod. Sitting in his chair, the subject is lifting his coffee to his lips, taking baby sips. With his thick-framed glasses, his close-set, brown eyes carefully examine the computer screen directly in front of him. Intently focused, he barely blinks. Bushy dark black hair frames a square face, with a cleanly-shaven rounded chin, a pointed nose, lopsided lips, and large ears. The face is not handsome, but rather engaging in its varied features. Casually attired in a dark blue polo shirt, navy blue jeans, and black sketchers with a lace-up closure, he is dressed for comfort, function, and minimal maintenance rather than for appearance. His chair has a tilt-function, but he is sitting straight as if he is in the economy seat of a Boeing airliner. His long fingers are slowly moving on the keyboard, suggesting no errors. Hanging around the back of his chair is a black, weathered rain jacket and a hook of an umbrella indicating his awareness of today’s rain forecast. Suddenly he stands up. Intelligent, scruffy, intense, and abstracted, he stares on the blackboard to his right. With a small piece of chalk in his hand, he writes feverishly the points that would like to explain in the colloquium this week. His handwriting is terrible: he is block-printing each letter like a junior draftsman. Intensely occupied with his work, he seems oblivious to my presence. A few seconds later, he sinks back into his seat and stares back into the screen. An attractive blond female student (subject # 20130128/2) appears at the door. We make an eye contact and smile at each other. She is wearing an orange and blue Gettysburg track and field sweatshirt, crinkle blue tight jeans, a snug and agile pair of pink, Nike running shoes. She makes an eye contact with the professor, greets him, and the two begin chatting. I pick up pieces of the conversation. Seeming to ignore my presence, the student is explaining that last night’s electronic homework was delayed because her computer crashed. Professor, with a mildly flippant attitude but underlying seriousness, squeezes a genuine smile: he seems to be giving the benefit of doubt to the student, although his look tells me that he has a well-honed bullshit detector. Unlike the hurried words from student, he speaks slowly using a careful word choice and without contradictions, is sensitive to the nuances and precision of language, but not devoid of empathy. Interestingly, both appear intent on avoiding eye contact, and after a few minutes, sensing the conversation is coming to a close, she looks up at him again as a sign to leave, and, seeming to receive assent, turns around to exit. I eye my computer clock. It reads 4: 47 PM. I sit for three more minutes. Nobody is around now, the professor back at his computer. I conclude my mission, shut down my laptop, say goodbye to my professor and head out of the room.

Reflective Piece †“Why?” Essay

Cast away in the distances, abandoned some may call it searching for a better life, others may utter. Trying to find a better way, Parents may justify. Truly, did you think it would make it any better? Financially†¦ the world you seek to provide an answer? Where’s your justification? Does money make the world go round or does a household make it? You see the fine line drawn, A child thrown into the dark to search for the dim light. On the brink, some may survive Fallen, some never saw the light again, But for both their days were always dark. What does a man left in the wild to be raised by animals become? Nothing– physically, an animal mentally. Who can love a child more than a parent can? Anyone . . . but what’s its value? Just naught for the heart will forever be digging for The original source of love. For the mother, from the father, And when abandoned, the heart will still dig, Digging on a hardened floor, Searching for the light, searching for love, Searching for care and attention, In the wrong place, in the cold ground, Where the humanity sheds, and a lustful soul craves destruction. Depression creates a shell, Suicidal tendencies take the roles of demons And seduces like a brightly coloured snake. Ropes become an attraction, Death becomes a consistent thought Violence becomes a an expression of goodwill, Goodwill that is not even there, How can the unwanted love? How can the empty live unless he has a strong heart And once again, who’s there to love And what do you love with but the heart? Language Analysis The reflective piece, ‘Why?’ is a poem written from a teenagers point of view and it serves to inform the reader of how a teen may feel when their parents have migrated leaving them in the care of somebody else who is incapable of caring for them. Language registers and dialectal variation can be seen throughout the passage and they will be analysed. Language registers refers to the perceived attitude and level of formality associated with a variety of language. A formal register is seen in the piece and this is due to the fact that the writer is talking to a mature audience. This formal tone is appropriate as the subject matter being discussed is one of a serious nature. The stage from childhood to adulthood, that is, teenage years is of paramount importance as this defines what type of person they will become when they are adults. This could be the difference between becoming a juvenile delinquent and a model student. An example of this can be seen in lines 30 – 35. Where the persona speaks of being depressed to the point where hanging one’s self would be the only right thing to do Dialectal variation refers to the spoken and written differences within a speech community. Throughout this reflective piece Standard English is used. The writer may have chosen to use Standard English due to the fact that it they are addressing a mature audience to whom the message is being delivered and in most instances are not au fait with the trending teenage slang. On the other hand the fact that the persona is addressing a mature audience using a formal tone may lead to them using  Standard English. This is so as when addressing persons older than them, teenagers usually speak English. An example of a situation like this could be the classroom setting and the target audience of the poem are persons in authority and parents. Another reason could be due to the fact that the persona sees English as being superior to Patois and as such does not use it.

Illegal music downloading at the University of Maryland Essay

To the University of Maryland, the reported contained herein should serve as an effective investigation into the patterns of illegal downloading of music on the campus. As this is a serious legal issue for which the recorded music industry has levied considerable pressure over universities, it is clear that there is a necessity to adopt a strategy which promotes legal downloading. Currently, the University’s strategy problematically mirrors that of much of the music industry itself. Such is to say that it remains convolutedly uncertain as to how best to diminish the appeal of free or illegal downloading which has been so dominant in the campus culture of the last decade. Contained herein is a strategy which is ironically novel in its approach, insofar as it projects its interest in the student which is at the core of this issue. Such is to say that for far too long, industry and universities have consulted one another and legal scholars in order to determine what actions might be taken against said student. Indeed, a perusal of the University of Maryland’s Play Fair website, which is intended to serve as an educational forum on the subject of illegal downloading and which is subject to greater consideration further along in this study, is demonstrative of the combative stance that has been so counter-constructive. Therefore, the research examination here is centered on the survey-collected input of university students, whom are at direct issue and who are most directly impacted by the issue at hand. By considering the insights of University of Maryland students on the issues of illegal downloading, pay-service downloading and the declining conditions in the music industry at large, the research will be intended to propose some direct and actionable recommendations which should lend to a long-term resolution of this situation for the University. Inherently, this discussion and the research yielded will demonstrate a core set of philosophical and economic issues requisite and illuminating to the discussion that are nonetheless fairly complex and, therefore, not easily addressed in a broader social, political and educational scheme, regardless of the recommendations approached here..

Biographical Synthesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biographical Synthesis - Essay Example Death was inevitably his favorite topic in both his poems and short stories. During his life, Poe experienced severe social isolation. These feeling of isolation started when his father demised or disappeared about the time of his sister’s birth. His sister’s name was Rosalie (Patrick 20-22). The family then relocated and Poe was isolated from his older brother, who was left with relations in Baltimore. During those younger years, he found his mother in the final phase of tuberculosis. On her demise, he was then isolated from his younger sister, Rosalie. Another major low point in Poe’s life was the demise of his surrogate mother, Mrs. Frances Allan, and his surrogate father rejecting him, all happening at one time. The most important setback to him was the sudden demise of his cousin, whom she had married-Virginia Clemm. This solitary loneness was the cause of almost all of his feelings of separation in his adulthood. He was attacked by a fit of apprehension that made him believe that almost everyone he become close to would eventually die. The topics of isolation become inherent topics in his work (Silverman 12-19). William Wilson is a short story which tells of a man and his doppelganger, which runs after the man around the universe trying to keep him away from trouble. Poe created his character to represent his own accounts of boyhood, which was he spent â€Å"a large, rambling Elizabethan schoolhouse, in a misty-looking village of England† (30-33). The setting of William Wilson is undoubtedly semi-autobiographical and passes as relation to Allan Edgar Poe’s home in England as a boy. â€Å"The misty-looking village of England† (30-33). The poem A Dream within a Dream explores the difficult process o saying goodbye to a loved one. Poe wrote this poem after the experience he went through after losing the women he had affairs with. In Poe’s mind, he perceived

Marketing Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Principles - Essay Example These approaches include effective competition through production of superior commodities cost effectively. Key marketing activities involves identifying exceptional consumer needs and tailoring products or services that will best serve their needs (Nellis & Parker, 2006, p). Therefore, producers should scrutinize the available market and identify deficiencies in order to design unique product for that specific market or create a new market for the available products. The marketers should ensure they design goods for specific groups because different people have different requirements for the same products. The products should be designed differently in terms of colour, packaging, size and pricing among other features to meet varying consumer tastes (Fuller, 1997, p.13). For example, Wilkinson has different products for different categories of consumers. This enables them to cover wider market and make greater revenue due to increased sales. Similarly, by designing their products dif ferently, the company is able to satisfy the needs of different clients more effectively. Marketers design marketing activities to satisfy different aspects of consumers needs. These include Products, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Positioning and packaging (Parkin, 2002, p.6). Consumers buy products and services for various reasons and for different purposes. Marketers should understand the needs for consumers in order for them to sell those commodities which consumers want most. They should carryout informative campaign to let consumers know that the products they require are available, and at what price, how to use them (Hill, 1998, p.13). The promotion activities should aim to influence consumer conduct by making them feel that certain product is capable of satisfying a specific need which other products from different sellers are not able to satisfy. Wilkinson has been facing stiff rivalry from other retailer in UK especially supermarket. They have reacted to this rivalry by designing new products for different market (Business Case Studies LLP, 2013). Their main targets today are students hence they are designing products which are more appealing and preferred by students (Dicken, 1998, p. 5). The marketers should ensure the product or services they offer are within the proximity of the potential consumers. For example, in Business Case Studies LLP (2013), Wilkinson has established their outlets close to learning institutions to ensure that students are able to get their products near their institutions when they need them. Wilkinson products are lowly priced to ensure they overcome rivalry and entice the student population in their business. Those products are attractively package to appear presentable to student consumers. Companies should develop different approaches to create, sustain and expand the market of their commodities in order to overcome their rivals in the same market. To achieve this, companies should ensure they have a wide range of co nsumer products in the market in order to win clients from different backgrounds. Wilkinson reacts to varying consumer needs as a retailer of various commodities like food, home, garden, office, and health and beauty products (Business Case Studies LLP, 2013). They sell groceries and supermarket goods to ensure clients get varieties of consumer goods under one roof. When developing a

Business Improvement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Improvement - Essay Example But, the era of globalisation and liberalization has resulted in fierce competition amongst the multinational companies has come to the rescue of the consumer. Now, MNCs emphasis is less on profit margins and more on sustainable growth. This resulted in making the independent sustainability of individual businesses little difficult. The era of network competition (Dechow, 2003) resulted into MNCs looking for local support, while individual businesses found an opportunity to sustain their business venture by working as supply chains for Multi-national enterprises. With growing emphasis on innovative marketing techniques in the network economy, competing as stand-alone entities becomes much more difficult for individual businesses. Functioning as supply chains to one or more MNEs, helps in better profit margins and long term survival of an individual business. This has led to a situation where the competition is not amongst individual firms, but as supply chains to larger business enti ties (Hammer, 2001 qtd by Dechow). In the IT era supply chain has acquired newer dimensions. Outsourcing is the new buzzword in the industry. While the debate is still on about the benefits or losses of outsourcing, the industry seems to have taken it in a big way. More and more banks, IT companies, PSUs and a range of industrial units from places like UK, USA, Germany etc are flocking towards Asian region with their requirement for software development, IT enabled services and call centre workforce. The outsourcing firms do not have a formidable identity of their own, but they are very crucial for an organization like, HSBC, Microsoft, IBM, Standard Chartered etc. While the MNEs are able to save millions of dollars through this arrangement, the supply chain companies too are earning good revenues within their own areas of operations. Such an arrangement proves to be a sound business strategy for long term survival. Quoting Thomas Koulopoulos, Burnell (2007) says; "Companies whose instincts have gone stale are like p atients with local anesthesia let free to wander the world. They are rational, coherent and aware of their predicament, yet numb. They can no longer sense the world around them." In order to leverage the economies of scale and remain competitive, companies are relying on the increasing role of supply chains. Therefore, companies are now supposed to adapt their supply chains efficiently in order to remain agile and competitive (Tolone, 2000). This helps in building strong relationships with customers and suppliers. With the growing trend towards leaner and meaner organisations, companies are now more focused towards their core competencies, while preferring to outsource all other activities. Swaminathan (2003) underlines the need for strategic management of the supply chain partners with increasing role of core competencies, elimination of geographical boundaries with ICT revolution and volatile nature of economies. For creating strategic advantages in the competitive landscape coordinated supply chains have now become an integral part of the business strategy. Companies are now coming out with solutions for managing the supply chain, for example IBM provides SCM solutions for its partners so that they can gain a window into inventory. This allows promoting, cross-selling, up-selling, replenishing, and closing out, the inventories on short notices1. Such solutions also help in sharp forecasting,

Introduction to Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Introduction to Terrorism - Essay Example Terrorists commit crime and spread fear because of many reasons. It can be because of their weakness to fight for justice with peace and show. Terrorists want to show power and its effects to the other concerned parties. This might be the reason for the leaders to get involved into the path of terrorism but small workers opt for it because they have no other ways to go. The simple workers do not have education, job or any other means to survive peacefully. Many of the persons also are compelled to choose the profession forcefully. According to Ahmad, terrorism is an act of anger of being lonely, helpless and neglected. It is also cause of betrayal from one’s own or supporting country. According to him, same happened when the United States betrayed Bin Laden. Ahmad recommended United States should not have double standards as he thought the United States to support the state terrors sponsored by Pakistan or Israel but is only opposed when it comes to Afghanistan as they are the victim then. Considering the features of the transnational terrorism of today, it can be well said that American Revolution was an also act of terrorism. In the eighteenth century, the Americans did many of the things that were similar to the acts of present day terrorists in order to get rid of the colonial powers. Still, one should remember the great cause behind the revolution. Just war can be referred as getting into war to win the battle without any consideration of human life and their rights. On the other hand, right to revolution is giving time to adapt the changing environment, understanding core of problem and providing solutions to bring revolutionary change in human so that they can understand the effect of violence and its result. Right to revolution bestows upon providing a chance to change. Hezbollah is a Lebanon based self - proclaimed Islamic revolutionary organization. It was formed to tackle the Israeli

Schoolbased HIV Prevention Programs Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Schoolbased HIV Prevention Programs - Article Example The objectives of the curriculum are that students will be able to set a personal sexual limit, describe their reasons for maintaining their sexual limit, identify problems that may arise in maintaining their sexual limit and describe how they will address those problems and maintain their limit. The classroom curriculum was developed over a two year period. The researchers used theories about what students needed to postpone sexual activity, we developed activities and then tested them in the classroom. Student reactions to the lessons were observed and they were asked for comments at the end of each lesson. The Healthy Oakland Teens Project (HOT) established by the Center for AIDS Prevention Studies began providing innovative HIV prevention education in Oakland, CA in 1989. The project's goal was to reduce adolescents' risk for HIV infection by using peer role models to advocate for responsible decision making, healthy values and norms, and improved communication skills. The HOT program educated ninth grade students during a one semester, daily class to become HIV peer helpers for seventh grade students. After extensive training, the ninth grade peer helpers delivered weekly interactive sessions in seventh grade science classes, focusing on values, decision-making, communication, and prevention skills. The program trained 30 ninth grade peer helpers who in turn taught 300 seventh graders each year.A parent education program was also implemented for AIDS prevention. Saving Sex for Later is an audio CD program that educates parents about helping their sons and daughters navigate normal p ubertal changes and the challenges of becoming a teenager and supporting them in staying abstinent during the critical early adolescent years. Developed with extensive input from parents and youth, Saving Sex for Later used engaging and dramatic stories to model how parents can communicate effectively with their children. The results showed that listening to the Saving Sex for Later CDs helped parents talk to their children about puberty, romantic relationships, and delaying sexual activity. Youth whose parents received the CDs reported more family rules, greater family support, and less risky behavior.Some interventions to reduce the risk of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) that target youths have resulted in short-term increases in self-reported condom use. BF Stanton et. al (1997) carried out a randomized, controlled trial of a community-based intervention delivered in eight weekly sessions which involved 76 naturally formed peer groups consisting of 383 (206 interve ntion and 177 control) African-American youths 9 to 15 years of age. A theory-based, culturally and developmentally tailored instrument that assessed perceptions, intentions, and self-reported sexual behaviors was administered to all subjects at baseline and 6 and 12 months later. At baseline, 36% of youths were sexually experienced, and by 12 months of follow-up, 49% were sexually experienced. Self-reported condom use rates were significantly higher among intervention than control youths (85% vs 61%; P

Critically discuss how knowledge of the chronic radiation induced long Essay - 1

Critically discuss how knowledge of the chronic radiation induced long term side effects have impacted on current treatment practices - Essay Example Wallace and Lorrie (2002) observe that fatigue is the most common and severe of all side effects of radiotherapy. Side effects caused because of radiotherapy are so dangerous that some result in serious permanent disabilities, death, or even some short-term side effects to the cancer infected patients who are undergoing radiation. Patients can evade this menace if doctors or radiologists take careful precautions. However, these prevention methods depend on the type of cancer that one is suffering from. It is worth noting that the intensity of side effects of radiotherapy treatment depends on which target tissues the treatment is being directed. The side effects may be minimal according to the type of tissue receiving the treatment. This paper explores the techniques of treating cancer, their side effects and the modifications in place to reduce the impacts on patients in future. The research paper will focus on fatigue, as the most serious side effect in treatment of cancer. Fatigue is the most serious side effect caused by radiotherapy. It is common among patients suffering from cancer, undergoing radiotherapy. This is an observation made by Wallace and Lorrie (2002) in their research. Fatigue has, among many, the following symptoms: loss of energy, being weak, problem of thoughts and being too moody. Fatigue comes because of the following techniques of radiotherapy during prostate cancer treatment. During radiotherapy, most of the cells usually die. This causes destruction of blood vessels around the tumors. This interferes with transport of blood into the tissues. Inadequate oxygen in cells lowers rate of respiration hence low energy quantities in the body. Discussed below are improved radiotherapy techniqu es, aimed to reduce the said fatigue. 3D conformal radiotherapy uses computer technology and radioisotope to concentrate the high radiation dose to the tumors while deterring the

Global Managerial Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Managerial Economic - Essay Example As a result of the supplemental agreements signed in 1993, NAFTA highlights the protection of environment and human resources recognizing that the entry of companies into the nations’ territories endangers them (NAFTA 1-5). The twelve year institution of NAFTA has changed the economic landscape of Mexico. Trade barriers have been significantly reduced in order to facilitate the entry of goods and services within the country’s borders. It can be recalled that prior to NAFTA, Mexico’s tariff reaches an average of 10%. This high level is reduced to the prevailing 2.9%. Empirical data also shows the significant improvement in the flow of goods between US and Mexico. In dollar terms, exports of goods to Mexico prior to NAFTA tripled in the third quarter of 2000. US imports from Mexico also tripled from 1994-2003. Exports now constitute a huge portion of the country’s GDP (The Effects of NAFTA on US-Mexican Trade and GDP 3). Trade liberalization has benefited the Mexican customer by providing more choices in the market. The reduction in tariff and other trade barriers consequently lower the prices of commodities. It should also be noted that the free flow of goods and services between the NAFTA participants significantly improved Mexico’s balance of payments. More jobs have also opened in order to support the larger export requirements. The NAFTA also facilitates the inflow of foreign direct investment from the United States and Canada. Recognizing that business organizations can take advantage of the lower input and labor costs, manufacturers are now locating their plants in Mexico. FDI inflow in Mexico after NAFTA has substantially mounted. In fact, the year 1996 brought $800 million private foreign direct investment which represents almost two times the country’s GDP (Study on the Operation 1). However, the proliferation of foreign firms operating in Mexico has brought about

Individual reflective report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Individual reflective report - Essay Example During the discussion I will also use the theories that I had learnt while completing my degree at the university. The BSG online game or better known as the business strategy game online is a simulation game played by students as well as experts to enhance their business operating knowledge. It involved the accurate prediction of the stocks, taking up realistic decision and at the same time incurring profits for the virtual firm (Johnson Jr. and Stappenbeck et al., 2010). The Business Strategy Game is a no holds barred rivalry: organization against organization. Each one organizations group focused exertion opposite adversaries is essential to market victory. Your group is in as practical an organization and intense market setting as would be prudent and are dealing with all parts of the organizations operations. This MBA level on the web, PC-based certifiable reproduction has been utilized by in excess of 500 business schools in 25 nations and has had 500,000 players. It is a demonstrated testing ground for vital hypothesis in an experiential taking nature (Johnson Jr. and Stappenbeck et al., 2010). The positive issues while playing this game was it helped me gain knowledge practically and I could also apply my learning skills without the fear of losing in real time. It gave me the idea of what are the possible threats and how to overcome those while running your own business. Earlier I had the notion that once I have enough money to setup a company of my own, I will be hiring different people for different sections who will be running them and reporting to me. My job would be to listen to them and give them targets that need to be achieved by their team. Once I started playing this game, I had a face a whole different reality all together. It was not just sitting and going through progress reports but I had to run the show. Without me taking up important steps it was becoming

Company Law and Secretarial Practices Essay Example for Free

Company Law and Secretarial Practices Essay Incorporation means the process of legally declaring a corporate entity as separate entity from its owners. Incorporation has many advantages for a business and its owners, including: Protects the owners’ assets against the company’s liabilities. Allows for easy transfer of ownership to another party. Achieves a lower tax rate than on personal income. Receives more lenient tax restrictions on loss carry forwards. Can raise capital through the sale of the stock. Incorporation involves drafting a â€Å"Memorandum of Association† and an Articles of Association, which lists the primary purpose of the business and its location, along with the number of shares and class of stock being issued, if any. Incorporation will also involve state-specific registration information and fees. Those procedures are undertaken by a promoter who is a person who starts up a business, particularly a corporation, including the financing. The formation of a corporation starts with an idea. Pre-incorporation activities transform this idea into an actual corporation and the promoter is the individual who carries on these activities. Usually the promoter is the main shareholder or one of the management team and receives stock for his/her efforts in organization. Without incorporation, Company Law cannot stand by itself as law amended is critically meant to protect the shareholders as well as the member of the company which is incorporated. As mentioned above, incorporation tends to protect the welfare of the business and its owners in various perspectives like intellectual property, taxation and capital shares. In other words, Company law (or the law of business associations) is the field of law concerning companies. Furthermore, there are various types of company that can be formed in different jurisdictions as shown in Malaysian Company Act 1965 Section 14(2) which are: a company limited by guarantee. Commonly used where companies are formed for non-commercial purposes, such as clubs or charities. The members guarantee the payment of certain (usually nominal) amounts if the company goes into insolvent liquidation, but they have no economic rights in relation to the company. a company limited by guarantee with a share capital. A hybrid entity, usually used where the company is formed for non-commercial purposes, but the activities of the company are partly funded by investors who expect a return. a company limited by shares. The most common form of company used for business ventures. an unlimited company either with or without a share capital. This is a hybrid company, a company similar to its limited company (Ltd.) counterpart but where the members or shareholders do not benefit from limited liability should the company ever go into formal liquidation. Meanwhile, there are thousands of company law cases that showed that incorporation is the bedrock of formation of Company Law. As such, We held out a few cases here which clearly indicated the importance of Company Law in determining the court case related to incorporation. Salomon v A Salomon and Co Ltd [1897] AC 22 Corporate separate personality Salomon conducted his business as a sole trader. He sold it to a company incorporated for the purpose called A Salomon and Co Ltd. The only members were Mr Salomon, his wife, and their five children. Each member took one  £1 share each. The company bought the business for  £39,000. Mr Salomon subscribed for 20,000 further shares. However,  £10,000 was not paid by the company, which instead issued Salomon with series of debentures and gave him a floating charge on its assets. When the company failed the companys liquidator contended that the floating charge should not be honoured, and Salomon should be made responsible for the companys debts. Lord Halsbury LC stated: â€Å"†¦ it seems to me impossible to dispute that once the company is legally incorporated it must be treated like any other independent person with its rights and liabilities appropriate to itself, and that the motives of those who took part in the promotion of the company are absolutely irrelevant in discussing what those rights and liabilities are.† Hickman v Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep-Breeders Association ‘Outsider rights Hickman was a member of the Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep-Breeders Association. He began a court action complaining of various irregularities in the affairs of the association. Clause 49 of the Associations constitution stated that all disputes were to handled by arbitration. The question of whether a person who is not a member of the company has rights to sue on the ‘statutory contract provide by what is now section 33 of the Companies Act 2006 was considered . It was held that an outsider to whom rights are purportedly given by the companys articles in his capacity as an outsider cannot sue in that capacity, whether he is also a member of the company or not. From this case comes the fundamental concept that a company has a legal personality or identity separate from its members. A company is thus a legal ‘person. Macaura v Northern Assurance Co Ltd [1925] AC 619 Members have no interest in a companys property The owner of a timber estate sold all the timber to a company which was owned almost solely by him. He was the companys largest creditor. He insured the timber against fire, but in his own name. After the timber was destroyed by fire the insurance company refused the claim. The House of Lords held that in order to have an insurable interest in property a person must have a legal or equitable interest in that property. The claim failed as â€Å"the corporator even if he holds all the shares is not the corporation†¦ neither he nor any creditor of the company has any property legal or equitable in the assets of the corporation.† In a nutshell, the effect of incorporation which is embedded in Section 16(5) â€Å"On and from the date of incorporation specified in the certificate of incorporation but subject to this Act the subscribers to the memorandum together with such other persons as may from time to time become members of the company shall be a body corporate bby the name contained in the memorandum capable forthwith of exercising all the functions of an incorporated company and of suing and being sued and having perpetual succession and a common seal with power to hold land but with such liability on the part of the members to contribute to the assets of the company in the event of its being wound up as is provided by this Act† clearly demonstrated that the foundation of Company Law is the ‘company’ and that without incorporation and the creation of a separate corporate personality, there couldn’t be a base for the formation of Company law and Companies Act. 2. In practice, in no circumstances, is it possible to pierce the corporate veil between a parent and a subsidiary company. A company is an artificial person. Once it is incorporated, it comes into being and is a separate legal entity from its members and officers. The importance of the principle of separate legal entity was first established in the landmark case of Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd (1897). In this case, Mr Salomon was a sole-proprietor manufacturing boots. The business was successful. Mr Salomon incorporated a company and sold his business to the company in consideration for 20000 shares and debentures of  £10000 issued in favour of Mr Salomon. Mr Salomon ended up holding 20001 of the 20007 shares issued. The other six shared were held by his wife and five children as nominees for Mr Salomon. Unfortunately, the company experienced financial difficulty and was wound up. An action was brought against Mr Salomon to indemnify the company for all the debts due to its unsecured creditors. The House of Lords held that even though the business was managed by the same persons and the same hands received the profits, the company was not an agent or trustee for the members. Incorporation of the company created a separate person. The members were not liable in respect of the company’s obligations. The same applies to parent and subsidiary companies. Both parent and subsidiary companies has their own separate legal entity. One example is the case of The People’s Insurance Co (M) v The People’s Insurance Co Ltd (1986). In this case, the plaintiff company, People’s Insurance Co. (M) Sdn. Bhd. (PICMSB) was a subsidiary of the first defendants company, People’s Insurance Co. Ltd. (PICL). On 12 January 1978, five directors of PICMSM held a meeting. One of the directors was the Managing Director of the defendant (PICL), another one was General Manager and Director of the defendant (PICL), and another one was Executive Director of the defendant (PICL). During the meeting they passed a resolution that affected PICL. The defendant (PICL) denied any liability. The court held that: i. The parent and subsidiary companies are two separate legal entities; ii. Officers of the parent company who are on the Board of the subsidiary are not representatives of the parent company but sit at the Board Meeting as directors and agent of the subsidiary iii. A resolution of the Board of directors of the subsidiary does not bind the parent company. The resolution did not constitute a contract between the parties. Thus, it is held that the principle of separate legal entity applies as well to related companies, including wholly owned subsidiaries. In Adams v Cape Industries PLC (1990), the main defendant was an English registered company presiding over a group of companies whose business was in the mining (in South Africa), and marketing, of asbestos. The company had become the subject of a class action lawsuit in the United States, and the company tried to avoid fighting the case in the American courts on jurisdictional grounds. The Plaintiffs obtained a judgment against the English company in the American courts, but as Cape had no assets left in the U.S., they then sought to enforce the judgment against the principal company in the group in the English courts. The court accepted that the purpose of the corporate group structure set up by Cape Industries had been used specifically to ensure that the legal liability of a particular subsidiary would fall only upon itself and not the parent company in England. The court refused to pierce the veil of incorporation to allow the judgment creditor to enforce its judgment against the judgment debtor’s holding company. The court refused to treat both the subsidiary and holding companies as one single entity. However the legislature recognizes that there may arise circumstances when this principle of separate legal entity may lead to adverse positions, and thus have enacted statutory exceptions to lift the veil of incorporation under specified circumstances. Normally in new situations or circumstances, court decides on case by case basis to pierce the veil of incorporation. There are instances where the court held that the related companies do not have separate legal entities; they are indeed one legal entity. In DHN Food Distributors Ltd v London Borough of Tower Hamlets (1976), DHN carried on the business of operating a grocery on the property owned by one of its wholly owned subsidiaries. The property was compulsorily acquired by the authority which refused to pay compensation to DHN as it did not have any interest on the land. The English Court of Appeal held that the group operated as a single economic unit and thus DHN could recover the compensation due to them under law. In conclusion, in normal practice with no circumstances, it is not possible to pierce the corporate veil between a parent and a subsidiary company as mentioned in The People’s Insurance Co (M) v The People’s Insurance Co Ltd (1986) and Adams v Cape Industries PLC (1990). Only when there arise circumstances can only the corporate veil of a parent and subsidiary company be pierced. 3a. Joe and Mike issue sufficient RM1 shares to Luke to raise his stake to 40% to allow them to defeat the resolution of their removal from the board. The action proposed by Joe and Mike is not allowed under section 132D of Companies Act 1965. Section 132D(1) of the Act reads, â€Å"notwithstanding anything in a company’s memorandum or articles, the directors shall not, without the prior approval of the company in general meeting, exercise any power of the company to issue shares†. Unless the power to issue shares has been vested in the members at a general meeting, the directors are not allowed to issue shares. Under this section, the company’s power to issue shares is not transferred from the directors to the members in general meeting. Rather, it imposes an obligation on the directors to obtain the approval of the company’s shareholders in general meeting before exercising their power to issue shares. When an allotment of shares takes place by the company without compiling without any statutory procedure, it is an irregular allotment. Although it is necessary to obtain only an ordinary resolution for the issuance of new shares, section 132D (5) requires such resolution to be lodged with the Registrar of Companies (ROC). When the minimum subscription is not received, it is an irregular allotment and it is void. The directors are liable to pay both the company and also to the allotee. On the other hand, prior approval of the members is not required if the shares issued are consideration or part consideration for the acquisition of shares or assets by the company. Section 132D (6A) provides that if the consideration for the shares in kind or partially in kind, it is sufficient for the directors to inform the members in writing at least 14 days before the shares are issued. The consequences for non compliance of section 132D are provided in section 132D (6) which reads, â€Å"Any issue of shares made by a company in contravention of this section shall be void and consideration given for the shares shall be recoverable accordingly†. In fact, the directors are liable to compensate the company and the allottee for any loss, damages or costs which might occur as a result of the breach. According to section 132D (7), â€Å"any director who knowingly contravenes, or permits or authorizes the contravention of, this section with respect to any issue of shares shall be liable to compensate the company and the person to whom the shares were issued for any loss, damages or costs which the company or that person may have sustained or incurred thereby†. Thus, Joe and Mike shall be liable to pay compensation to the company and Luke if any loss or cost incurred. However, the shareholders or creditor of the company may apply to the court for validation of the shares under section 63. If the court finds the issuance of shares is just and equitable, the court may order the validation of the shares which were not properly issued. In the case of Kepala Sawit (Teluk Anson) Sdn Bhd v Yeoh Kim Leng Ors (1991), the court held that â€Å"an act of the company which is irregular offers room for its regularization or validation by application of the just and equitable principles embodied in section 63†. Nevertheless, it seems to be impossible for the court to validate the shares in the situation above if any appeal is made. Besides that, the intention of Joe and Mike to raise Luke’s shares is to allow him to defeat the resolution of their removal from the board. Section 128 of the Companies Act 1965 provides for the removal of a director of a public company but no provision is made for the removal of a director of a private company. This is left to the company’s article. Article 69 of Table A provides that the company may by ordinary resolution remove a director. Thus, if Singing Stars Sdn Bhd’s article has adopted Table A, then the procedure provided in Section 128 has to be followed. Also, depending on the company’s article, either an ordinary or special resolution has to be passed in the meeting by the shareholders of the company. In business or commercial law, ordinary resolution is a resolution passed by the shareholders of a company generally affirmed by not less than 50% of the members casting their votes, whereas special resolution is generally affirmed by not less than 75% of members casting their votes. Therefore, even if Luke’s stake can be raised to 40%, he still can’t defeat the resolution because a resolution is passed based on the voting cast by the majority in the meeting. Hence, Tony shall not worry about Joe’s and Mike’s action in raising Luke’s stake to 40% by issuing shares as its legality is bounded by section 132D of Companies Act 1965. Also, the removal of a director is allowed when a resolution is passed in the meeting. With only Joe, Mike and Luke to defeat the resolution, the resolution to remove them off as the directors can still be passed. 3b. After this they will pass resolutions to remove Tony from the board and to replace him with Luke. Directors are agents of the company and thus owe a fiduciary duty towards the company. Section 4(1) of the Companies Act 1965 provides that, â€Å"director includes any person occupying the position of director of a corporation by whatever name called and includes a person in accordance with whose directions or instructions the directors of a corporation are accustomed to act and an alternate or substitute director†. Section 4(1) states that a director includes a de facto director, a shadow director and an alternate or substitute director. Sections 122(1) and (1A) of the Companies Act 1965 provides that, â€Å"every company shall have at least two directors, who each has his principal or only place of residence within Malaysia†. Sections 122(2) of the Companies Act 1965 provides that, â€Å"no person other than a natural person of full age shall be a director of a company†. This is clear that only a human being can be a director. Besides that, Section 122(2) imposes the minimum age of the director which is 18 years old. Thus, only a person who is 18 years old and above may be appointed as a director. Section 129 of the Companies Act 1965 provides that, â€Å"notwithstanding anything in the memorandum or articles of the company no person of or over the age of seventy years shall be appointed or act as a director of a public company or of a subsidiary of a public company†. A person who aged 70 years old and above can only be a director if the resolution appointing him as a director receives approval from at least 75% of the votes at the company’s annual general meeting. The office of a Tony as a director may become vacant if he is disqualified pursuant to the Companies Act 1965 or the articles of association, resigned from the position, removed from the board of directors and retires by rotation. Articles of association of the company provides that the office of a director shall become vacant if the director (a)ceases to be a director by virtue of the Companies Act 1965 (b)becomes a bankrupt or makes any arrangement or composition with his creditors generally (c)is prohibited from being a director by reason of any order made under the Companies Act 1965 (d)becomes of unsound mind or a person whose person or estate is liable to be dealt with in any way under the law relating to metal disorder (e)resigns his office by notice in writing to the company (f)for more than six months is absent without the permission of the directors from meetings of the directors held during that period (g) without the consent of the company in general meeting holds any other office of profit under the company except that of managing director or manager (h)is directly or indirectly interested in any contract or proposed contract with the company and fails to declare the nature of his interest in a ma nner required by the Companies Act 1965. Tony will not be removed as he is not disqualified by the articles of association. The resignation of a director may take effect on the date which the board receives the letter of resignation, the date stated in the letter or according to the articles of association. Section 122(6) of the Companies Act 1965 provides that, â€Å"notwithstanding anything contained in this Act or in the memorandum or articles of a company or in any agreement with a company, a director of a company shall not resign or vacate his office if, by his resignation or vacation from office, the number of directors of the company is reduced below the minimum number required by subsection (1) and any purported resignation or vacation of office in contravention of this section shall be deemed to be invalid†. Tony does not take action to resign from a director. Tony will not be removed from the board. However, he may be removed from the board by an ordinary resolution. Section 128(1) of the Companies Act 1965 provides that, â€Å"a public company may by ordinary resolution remove a director before the expiration of his period of office, notwithstanding anything in its memorandum or articles or in any agreement between it and him but where any director so removed was appointed to represent the interests of any particular class of shareholders or debenture holders the resolution to remove him shall not take effect until his successor has been appointed†. A public company may remove a director by ordinary resolution before the expiration of his term of office. The resolution is passed if it garnered more than half of the votes casted. A director of a public company is not possible to be removed by other director as provided in Section 128(8) which reads that, â€Å"a director of a public company shall not be removed by, or be required to vacate his office by reason of, any resolution request or notice of the directors or any of them notwithstanding anything in the articles or any agreement†. Thus, Joe and Mike are not able to remove Tony from the board. To remove a director, a special notice of the resolution is required to serve to the company at least 28 days before the scheduled members’ meeting as stated in Section 128(2) of the Companies Act 1965, â€Å"Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in the memorandum or articles of the company, special notice shall be required of any resolution to remove a director or to appoint some person in place of a director so removed at the meeting at which he is removed, and on receipt of notice of an intended resolution to remove a director the company shall forthwith send a copy thereof to the director concerned, and the director (whether or not he is a member of the company) shall be entitled to be heard on the resolution at the meeting†. The special notice of ordinary resolutions is also called notice of intention is given by the members to the company at least 28 days before the scheduled meeting. Then the company must give at least 14 days’ notice to the members before the meeting is scheduled to be held. It is provided in Section 153 of the Companies Act 1965, â€Å" where by this Act special notice is required of a resolution, the resolution shall not be effective unless notice of intention to move it has been given to the company not less than twentyeight days before the meeting at which it is moved, and the company shall give its members notice of any such resolution at the same time and in the same manner as it gives notice of the meeting or ,if that is not practicable, shall give them notice thereof, in any manner allowed by the articles, not less than fourteen days before the meeting, but if after the notice of intention to move such a resolution has been given to a company, a meeting is called for a date twenty-eight days or less after the notice has been given, the notice, although not given to the company within the time required by this section, shall be de emed to be properly given†. The board of directors may attempt to undermine the members’ proposal to remove a director, the board may call for the meeting to be scheduled less than 28 days from the receipts of the members’ notice. Section 153 of the Companies Act 1965 provides that the meeting is not invalidated if it is held less than 28 days after the notice was given by the members to the company. In Soliappan v Lim Yoke Fan [1968] 2 MLJ 21, the High Court held that Section 128 was not mandatory. The power to remove directors under that section co-existed with any power contained in the articles of association. Therefore, 28 days notice is not necessary, the removal could be affected in accordance with the articles of association. However, on the facts the proper notice required under the articles of association had not been given either, so removed as director and consequently the plaintiff was not properly appointed as director of the company. If Tony is removed from the board, he may claim compensation or damages for the termination of his appointment as a director. Where the company has entered into a contract with Tony and the company breached it by removing him, then Tony has the rights to claim compensation. Section 128(7) of the Companies Act 1965 provides that, â€Å"nothing in subsections (1) to (6) shall be taken as depriving a person removed thereunder of compensation or damages payable by him in respect of the termination of his appointment as director or of any appointment terminating with that as director or as derogating from any power to remove a director which may exist apart from this section†. Tony who is appointed as a director is not required to retire unless the articles of association provides so. Upon retirement, the shareholders may re-elect the directors who have performed but not those who failed to perform up to expectations. In See Teow Chuan Anor v YAM Tunku Nadzaruddin Ibni Tuanku Jaafar Ors [2007] 2 MLJ 212, the board of directors made a resolution that all executive directors must retire on attaining 55 years of age. The plaintiffs brought an action challenging the introduction of a new term into their existing contract that they should retire. The court held that the power to pass the resolution as to retirement of directors was a fiduciary power entrusted by the memorandum and articles of the Company. That power was used for a collateral or improper purpose, namely to remove the plaintiffs and was invalid. In conclusion, Joe and Mike are unable to remove Tony from the board and replace Tony with Luke. Tony will be removed from the board if he meets one of the events stated above. 3c. As an added incentive the shares will be issued to Luke for RM0.60 each to allow for a tidy profit. The issue here is whether Joe and Mike can issue shares to Luke at RM0.60 each to allow for Luke’s support towards them. The issuance of shares below the nominal value of RM1.00 is called issuance of shares at a discount. At common law, the issuance of shares below the par value (at a discount) is prohibited because it constitutes a reduction of share capital without confirmation by the High Court. Section 64 of the Companies Act 1965 requires a special resolution that authorizes the reduction of its share capital with the confirmation by the Court. Case : Re Wragg Ltd. Facts : A liquidator took up a court case seeking a declaration that certain shares in the company issued to two members and registered in their names as fully paid were not properly issued as fully paid up. The liquidator asked for an order that the two members pay the amounts unpaid thereon. Held : The transaction was wholly legitimate. Lindley L.J. stated â€Å"it is not law that persons cannot sell property to a limited company for fully paid-up shares and make a profit by the transaction. We must not allow ourselves to be misled by talking of value. The value paid to the company is measured by the price at which the company agrees to buy what it thinks it worth it while to acquire. Whilst the transaction is unimpeached, this is the only value to be considered.† However, there are two exceptions to the rule against issuing shares at a discount that are stated in Section 58 and 59 of Companies Act 1965. In occasions where the company enters into an underwriting agreement wherein the underwriter will subscribe the shares in the company if the shares are not taken, in return, the company agrees to pay the underwriter a fee. Section 58 of Companies Act 1965 recognises this commercial agreement provided that the payment of that commission is not more than 10% of the issued value of the shares and is authorized by the company’s articles. Section 59(1) of the Companies Act 1965 states that the company can issue shares at a discount of a class already issued if – (a) The discounted shares are authorized by ordinary resolution passed in general meeting of the company and is confirmed by Court order; (b) The resolution specifies the maximum rate of discount at which the shares are to be issued; (c) the company can only issue shares at a discount only after one year it is entitled to commence business; and (d) the discounted shares must be issued within one month from court’s confirmation or within extended time as allowed by Court. According to section 59(4), the discounted shares must be offered to existing members of that class based on pro rata basis. Failure to do so, the company and every officer who is in default shall be guilty of an offence punishable with a fine of RM1000 and default penalty in accordance with section 59(7) of the Companies Act 1965. Case : Ooregum Gold Mining Co of India v Roper Facts : The market value of the  £1 ordinary shares of the company was 2 shillings and 6 pence (2s 6d). The company issued preference shares of  £1 each with 15s credited as paid, leaving a liability of only 5s a share. Held: The holders of the discounted shares are liable to pay the full nominal value to the company. In common law, issuance of shares at a discount is prohibited but there are statutory exceptions under section 58 and 59 which enable the company to issue shares at a discount. In this case, Luke is not the underwriter of Singing Stars Sdn Bhd. Therefore, Joe and Mike cannot issues shares at a discount to him by virtue of section 58 of the Companies Act 1965. However Luke can be entitled to get the shares at a discount if the discounted shares are passed by a majority of members who are present and votes at the meeting and confirmed by the Court order, which specify the maximum rate of discounts are to be issued, commence it’s business after one year and issue the discounted shares issued within one month from court’s confirmation or within extended time as allowed by Court, then Luke can be entitled to the discounted shares after the existing shareholders are offered the discount. Luke will not be getting the shares at a discount because the most of shareholders are not satisfied with Joe and Mike and wanted to vote them from the board. Hence, the majority of them will win and Luke will definitely not getting his shares at a discount. If Joe and Mike insist on issuing the shares at a discount to Luke, the holder of the shares (Luke) may be liable to pay the full nominal value of the shares as stated in the Ooregum principle. Besides, the directors (Joe and Mike) who are responsible for the unlawful issue may be held liable to the company for the discount allowed. In conclusion, Tony can sue Joe and Mike for breach of companies act and they will be held liable to company in respect of the discount allowed. From the above Tony and the other four shareholders can vote to reject the acceptance of payment by land from Luke for the shares. Joe and Mike do not have the power to accept the payment without the knowledge of the members of the company. If the transaction is still done Section 132D(6) provides that the shares issued are void and the directors shall be liable to compensate the company and the person whom the shares were issued to for any loss, damages or costs which they may sustain as consequence of the breach. 3d. Luke has suggested that the company might accept some land which he owns as payment for the shares. Section 67 (1) of the Companies Act prohibits a company from: Financing the purchase of its own or its holding company’s shares Giving financial assistance for the purpose of or in connection with the purchase of its own or its holding company’s shares Dealing in or lending money on its own shares In the case of Datuk Tan Leng Teck v Sarjana Sdn Bhd, the plaintiff entered into a contract to sell a piece of land to the 2nd defendant, Pasti Hasil Sdn Bhd for a piece of land at a price of RM15, 896,995. According to the agreement, RM1,000,000 of the purchase consideration will be capitalized as paid-up capital for 1,000,000 shares in the SSB. PHSB had paid RM3,300,000 for the land to SSB and RM1,000,000 out of this payment had been considered as a payment for 1,000,000 shares in SSB. Thus, 1,000,000 shares had been allotted to Pasti Hasil Sdn Bhd. The court held that financial assistance has been given to Pasti Hasil Sdn Bhd as the defendant agreed to treat a portion of the sum owed by Pasti Hasil Sdn Bhd as payment for the shares. Section 67 (1) prohibits the company from giving financial assistance unless it is bona fide commercial transaction entered in good faith. As Pasti Hasil Sdn Bhd had not paid anything for the shares the share capital of the defendant had reduced. In the case of Belmont Finance Corporation Ltd v Williams Furniture Ltd (No 2), Belmont’s directors paid  £500,000 of Belmont’s money under a scheme to help a company called Maximum ( which was owned and controlled by a Mr. Grosscurth) to buy shares of Belmont. Goff LJ held that the agreement was unlawful and the payment was made by Belmont for an illegal purpose, namely to facilitate the purchase by Grosscurth and his associates of Belmont’s shares. Lord Denning in Wallersteiner v Moir (1974) propounded the following test: â€Å"You look to the company’s money and see what has become of in. You look to the company’s shares and see into whose hands they have got. You will then see if the company’s money has been used to finance the purchase.† Thus for this case if the company accepts Luke’s land as payment for the shares, it is not a bona fide commercial transaction entered in good faith and is prohibited by section 67(1). Thisi s because the land serves no specific purpose to the company and future benefits will not flow to the company through this entity. This means that the land is of no use to the company at the time of purchase which shows that it is not a bona fide commercial transaction. Furthermore this also shows that the company’s money paid to Luke for the land will be used to purchase its shares. If Joe and Mike accept this transaction, they will be guilty under section 67(3) of the Companies Act and section 67(4) provides that officers who are guilty are liable to compensate the company or any person who has suffered losses or damage as a result of the prohibited transaction. REFERENCES 1) http://www.scribd.com/doc/64780622/1/S128-1-Companies-Act-1965 2) http://www.ssm.com.my/files/clrc/consultation_documents/cd2.pdf 3) Chan Wai Meng (2012) . Company Law in Malaysia: Cengage Learning.

Radio as a Medium of Mass Communication

Radio as a Medium of Mass Communication LESSON 1 RADIO AS A MEDIUM OF MASS COMMUNICATION IN TODAY’S CONTEXT Introduction Communicators use several media to transmit a message (a thought, idea, opinion, and attitude) to the readers, listeners and or viewers. These media: film, print, broadcasting, are used differently by people for various purposes. Each mass medium has its own distinct nature and characteristics. For example, print medium (newspapers, magazines, etc.) provide detailed information which can be kept for a longer period; accessed whenever needed and used by many persons at a convenient time. Films can be watched and enjoyed at one single place (cinema hall) by many people in large or small groups, or at homes through television sets. Broadcasting on radio and television can bring voices and pictures to a large number of listeners and viewers from long distance. Thus, we see every medium of mass communication works in its own unique way and carries the message far and wide. Each medium has its advantages and limitations in the areas of operation, influence and impact. For instance, print depends on the ability to read. For communicating a message to a child or an illiterate person, television, film or radio would be effective while the print medium will not be relevant. Every medium uses its strengths to provide information, education and entertainment to the public. 1.2 Meaning and Definition In order to appreciate the role of radio as a medium of mass communication, we need to understand what is the concept of communication, what are the various functions and types of communication. The word Communication is derived from the Latin word cornmunis, which means, to make common or to share. There are numerous definitions of communication, and there is yet no agreement on any single definition. Some of the more functional definitions of communication describe it as the transfer or conveying of meaning (Oxford dictionary), transrnission of stimuli (Colin Cherry), one mind affecting another (Claude Shannon); one system influences another (Charles E. Osgood), the mechanism through which human relations exist and develop, or sharing of experience on the basis of commonness (Wilbur Schramm). â€Å"Thus, communication is, a process of sharing or exchange of ideas, information, knowledge, attitude or feeling among two or more persons through certain signs and symbols†. 1.3 Functions of Communication Communication is vital for human existence, and for the progress of humanity. No person, group or society can exist without interaction with others. Think for a moment what would happen to us if we did not talk with anyone at home; didnt listen to lectures at School or college; didnt speak to friends and co-workers; or didnt play games or watch TV or films? Essentially, the primary function of communication is to inform, instruct/educate, entertain influence and persuade people to make them function smoothly and effectively. Besides, communication has a secondary function to perform as well: through debate and discussion it promotes cultural integration, it fosters consensus, creativity, and understanding among people, groups and societies enabling them to live in peace and harmony. 1.4 Types of Communication Human beings are engaged in a variety of communication acts. Although each type of Communication appears-to have distinctive features, they are all much alike in the senses that are enters into a meaningful relationship with one or more persons by means of signs and symbols. These are: Intrapersonal Communication Interpersonal Communication Group Communication Mass Communication. 1.4.1 Intrapersonal Communication refers to communication that leaks inside a person; and this happens all the time. It is like conversation to oneself, listening to oneself and linking with oneself. It is important in anticipating, abstracting and communicating our thoughts or ideas before we actually treat in open communication. 1.4.2 Interpersonal Communication is the world-wide form of communication that takes place between two people. In interpersonal communication, there is face-to-face interaction between two persons, that is, both are sending and receiving messages. This is an ideal and effective communication situation because you can elucidate and highlight many points through your expressions, nods and voice can get instant feedback. 1.4.3 Group Communication is an addition of interpersonal communication where more than two individuals are involved in discussion of ideas. Communication in a group helps many goals including collective decision making, self-expression, increasing ones effect, uplifting ones status, and relaxation. Group communication provides a chance for direct interface among the members of the group; it helps in bringing about changes in attitudes and opinions. 1.4.4 Mass Communication outside the realm of interpersonal communication exists another form of communication which involves communication with mass audiences and hence the nomenclature mass communication. The channels through which this kind of communication takes place are referred to as mass media. Mass communication and mass media, are generally considered synonymous. Mass communication is unique and different from interpersonal communication as is evident from the following definition: Any mechanical device that multiplies messages and takes them to a large number of people simultaneously is called mass communication. The media through which messages are being transmitted include: radio, TV, newspapers, magazines, films, records, tape recorders, video cassette recorders, etc., and require large organizations and electronic devices to put across the messages. Radio as a Mass Medium Radio is the transmission of signals by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light. In electronics, modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of high frequency periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with respect to a modulating signal. This is done in a similar fashion as a musician may modulate the tone from a musical instrument by varying its volume, timing and pitch. The three key parameters of a periodic waveform are its amplitude (volume), its phase (timing) and its frequency (pitch), all of which can be modified in accordance with a low frequency signal to obtain the modulated signal. During the 1930s, radio was considered an intimate and credible medium. The public used it as a news source and expected it to provide factual information. Radio was the first truly mass medium of communication, reaching millions of people instantly and altering social attitudes, family relationships, and how people related to their environment. Radio is an attractive medium among the various mass communication media because of its special characteristics. It continues to be as relevant and potent as it was in the early years despite the emergence of more glamorous media. It is a truism that in the first phase of broadcasting spanning three decades from the early twenties, radio reigned alone or was the dominant player. However, over a period of time, the media scene has changed drastically. Television with its inherent strength of audio-visual component has captured the imagination of the people. The advent of satellite television, the Internet and the convergence of technology have added further dimensions in media utilization patterns. However, despite the presence of a plethora of media, there is room and scope for each medium. Experience has revealed that new technologies add things on but they dont replace. One medium is not displaced by another each medium reinvents itself in the context of changes in the communicati on environment. In the changed media scenario, radio is reorienting itself with more innovative programmes and formats.

The Use of a SMART Board in Teaching

The Use of a SMART Board in Teaching The funding of this grant would pay for the purchase of a SMART Board Interactive Whiteboard on a mobile floor stand for the Pace University School of Education Department. The SMART Board allows professors to include and integrate multimedia elements into lessons, such as videos and interactive demonstrations, as a result making lessons and lectures more exciting. Students will be able to hear, see and participate with the information they are learning for that particular course. The SMART Board Interactive Whiteboard system comes with Notebook software. This software provides a variety of tools to help differentiate instruction. By having a SMART Board, professors and students are able to write with a digital pen or with their finger, onto the SMART Board screen. Files from Notebook can be saved in different formats, printed, emailed or posted; therefore, giving students complete access to course materials. Essentially, anything that can be done on computers can be improved by having a SMART Board available. In the elementary and secondary levels, teachers are constantly trying to create lessons and activities that meet the needs of all learners. I think that at the high education level, this mindset gets lost. The majority of courses are lecture based with essays and written examinations. Because of this set up, I feel that college students loose their love of learning and attendance and participation in courses begin to drop. If a student was a visual learner in high school, he will still be a visual learner during college. The interactive whiteboard caters to all different learners because it incorporates images, sounds and stimulations. Students are able to see, hear and interact with what they are learning. Pace University needs more technology. Pace University has been looking for ways to increase their enrollment numbers, as well as retention rates. Installing and assimilating technology onto their campuses could be just one factor in accomplishing those tasks. As a former Pace University student ambassador and representative, I was constantly asked questions about the types of technology that are in the classrooms and what students are being exposed to. By having interactive SMART Boards on campus, I think these questions would be eliminated because you can physically see them. Pace University also has an entire school dedicated to Computer Science and Information Systems. I feel that by having technology seen in the classroom, will also nicely reflect the impact of that individual school on campus. The students at Pace University would benefit from the purchase of an interactive whiteboard in a variety of ways. Students will look at attending class as something exciting. Students will also gain a better understanding of the curriculum and concepts being taught, due to the assortment of tools and resources that the SMART Board has that can be incorporated into lessons. Pace University, itself, would benefit from having SMART Boards in campus because students will be working on their communication and technology skills for the 21st century, therefore separating themselves from graduates from other colleges and universities. Pace Universitys motto is Work toward Greatness. I believe that by integrating the use of an interactive whiteboard into different courses that Pace has to offer its students, professors will inspire their students more. The Pace University School of Educations motto is Creating reflective practitioners who promote justice, create caring classrooms and school communities and enable all students to be successful learners. I believe that the students within this school, specifically, will benefit tremendously from the interactive whiteboard. They will be exposed to a new technology that is widely being used in schools all throughout the United States. Students will be able to have an open mind when it comes to technology and integration in elementary and high schools. Not equipping these students with these skills would be harmful to their wellbeing. Todays world is filled with different types of technology, from cell phones to IPads. Students are constantly surrounded with technology throughout their daily lives, which only makes sense to have that same technology become a part of their education. 2. OBJECTIVES 3. ACTIVITY 4. MEASUREMENT To enrich and improve Pace Universitys programs and set of courses through interactive technology and technology integration. To encourage students to be independent critical thinkers and flourishing learners at the collegiate level. To increase student motivation, participation, achievement and success. To have students plan and conduct research, solve problems and make informed decisions using appropriate digital tools and resources. To have future teachers become educated on a company and technologies that is regularly being used in school districts presently. To differentiate instruction for all students. To utilize the assigned course time in the most effective way possible. Assign web quests: Students will be encouraged to use Pace Universitys resources from the library, databases and reliable sources from the Internet. Students will use the research and technology available to them to help them decipher problems and answer questions. Interactive lessons: Students will actively engage within the lessons. Students will get out of their seats to participate and further their learning. Videos/Lectures: Teachers can embed videos clips that demonstrate the same concepts that are being taught in their course. Teachers can record notes from the course, save them and post/email them to students. Virtual Field Trips: Teachers can take their students on a trip during their assigned course allotted time. Presentations: Students can present their projects using the SMART Board in several ways: creating a NoteBook file, digitally creating it, recording their voices, etc. Exams/Reviews: Teachers can create games/activities that can help the students review concepts for examinations. Teachers can create examinations on the SMART Board. Workshop Session: Provide students with the opportunity to learn how to actually use the SMART Board. Students will be able to use the knowledge gained in their field placements and future jobs. Pre-course survey: Conducted on the first day, asking students about their interest in the course, predictions of their participation throughout the course, grade and end of course experience. Post-course survey: Conducted on last day, asking students about their understanding of the course material, if they were successful in the course, if they enjoyed the course, would they recommend the course and impact of technology used in the course. Informal assessments: Teacher observation, student journal entries/blogs on the topic of use of the SMART Board. Formal assessments: Lessons/lectures/activities can be video taped. Samples: Student work samples will be saved to be included in a portfolio. Attendance Preparation Participation Behavior

We Need Gun Control Essays -- Argumentative Persuasive Topics

We Need Gun Control    Baton Rouge, Lousiana--October 17, 1992--8:30 P.M....A Japanese exchange student, Yoshihiro Hattori, was searching for a party he had been invited to. Thinking he had found the house in which the social would take place, Yoshihiro knocked on the door. Not knowing that they had the wrong house Yoshihiro and his companion startled the proprietor. After having the front door shut in their face the two boys began walking back to Yoshihiro's car. Yoshihiro Hattori and his friend, Webb Haymaker, then turned back towards the house upon hearing the carport door open behind them. Instead of seeing the party's host, these two boys were greeted by a " 'Freeze' " and a .44 Magnum-carrying Rodney Peairs. Yoshihiro, thinking he had found the party after all, stepped towards Mr. Peairs and said, " 'We're here for the party' ". Webb Haymaker then found himself standing over his dying friend, Yoshihiro Hattore, a victim of unintentional homicide. (Haymaker 26) Tragic incidents like this one seem to be becoming more and more common in modern America. The availability of a firearm was the direct cause of Yoshihiro's death. Likewise the availabilty of firearms in general is related to accidental, as well as intentional, homicide. The United States Congress should therefore limit or illegalize the sale, use and carrying of handguns and assualt weapons. The reasoning behind this statement is that I do not believe that these aformentioned weapons have a legitimate place in American society. Nor do I believe that the typical American is responsible enough to own one of these particular firearms. Conversely though, many Republicans view assault weapon and handgun restrictions as an infringement upon an American's rig... ...nd-held weapons available to them. " 'The greatest threat to our structure is the possession and sale of weapons in this society,' ". - Former President Jimmy Carter (Gerik 2) Works Cited Academic American Encyclopedia. "American Bill of Rights": Jan 1995, 128.83.216.11 Gerik, Melanie. "Carter stresses handgun control". The Daily Texan: March 7 1995, p1-2 Graves, Debbie. "Carter discusses guns, politics, peace in speach". Austin- American Statesman: March 7 1995, pB3 Haymaker, Holley G. "Another Magnum, another victim". The New York Times: Oct 31 1992, v144, p15(N) pA26(L) Ifill, Gwen. "Congress still torn on gun control by complex regional divisions". The New York Times: Oct 20 1991, v141, Sec. 1, p13(N) p19(L) Toner, Robin. "Senator Decides to Fight N.R.A.'s Fire With Fire". The New York Times: Oct 27 1994, v144, pA10(N) pA26(L)

Americans and Individualism Essay -- essays research papers

The United States of America is the land of the free, the land of opportunity, the wealthiest country in the world, a country that half the modern world is modeled after. Its President is referred to as the "Leader of the free world". Thousands of people come to this country every year, learning about the country in hopes of becoming citizens. William Hudson in his book 'American Democracy in Peril ' talks about the seven biggest challenges to this democratic nation. Individualism can be seen as a gift or a curse, depending on the context in which it occurs. Because modern society finds it important that people think independently, decide autonomously and take personal initiatives, the concept of individualism has acquired a positive connotation. However, individualism is also linked with the tendency to withdraw from social life and turn in towards oneself. Alexis de Tocqueville described individualism as the cool and considered attitude which drives people to withdraw into a small, enclosed world consisting of their family and a few select friends, leaving the rest of society to its own devices. The most obvious problem stemming from the process of individualism is of a socio-economic nature and concerns the problem of solidarity. If the link between the community and the individual becomes less strong, to what extent will an individual experience social problems, in which he or she is not immediately implicated, as his or her problems? To what extent are people in an individualistic society prepared to consider the problems of others as their own? This is a crucial question for society since it places the legitimacy of many social institutions and political structures in question. Whoever accepts that individualism is a fact will consider political life to be an incessant clash of interests on the part of people who are only in it for the sake of personal power or an increase in personal fortune. While they may be fine, responsible people in private life, in their attitude to government they are like infants, interested only in themselves and what they consume, howling for more, and not concerned at all about the morality of using government as a middleman to forcibly take what they desire from their fellow-citizens. Whereas those people who reject individualism and accept that the point of an election is to choose representatives whom the vo... ... Congress, with the States, can amend the Constitution. Individualism breeds fragmentation and brings about disconnectivity and this is in complete contradiction with the 'connected' governmental system in the United States where the governmental divisions are always checking each other. On one hand, democracy's project is unrealizable, because it is contrary to nature. On the other, it is impossible to stop short of this democracy and go back to aristocracy. This is because democratic equality also conforms to nature. It follows that we can only moderate democracy; we cannot stop short of democracy, because it fulfils nature. We cannot attain the end of this movement, for it would mean subjecting nature completely and dehumanizing man. Escaping democracy is not an option. We can never possibly make democracy completely "real", and we must not try. We can and must moderate democracy, limit it, sober down its hostility to nature, all the while benefiting from its conformity to nature. To moderate democracy so as it conforms with human nature, to limit it insofar as it is contrary to it, such is the sovereign art on which depend the prosperity and morality of a democracy.

The Outcast in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay

Life as an Outcast in Huckleberry Finn One of the themes that has been addressed by writers since the beginning of civilization is the issue of the split between living in society and living by oneself. We see this in that peculiarly American genre of books known as "road books", in which the protagonist embarks upon a long journey or period of time away from society in order to "find themselves." One of the quintessential examples of this type of book is Mark Twain's novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, technically a "river book" rather than a "road book". In it, as in many "road books" before and since, spending a long period of time away from society allows the protagonist to see the difference between the rules of mainstream society and the freedom of the wilderness. Through his journey, Twain illustrates the futility of living within society as contrasted to the freedom of being an outcast. It is interesting that Huck's morals are much stronger when he is on the river than on the shore. Huck's "attacks of conscience" only occur on the river. For ex...

Humans and Parasites

Parasites and Humans: Why Can’t We All Just Get Along? Introduction The definition of a parasite is: â€Å"an organism that lives on or in an organism of another species, known as the host, from the body of which it obtains nutriment. † (Dictionary. com,2012) There are several kinds of parasitic relationships in the world. Mutualism is one of them. This occurs when each member of the association benefits the other. Can humans and parasites have a mutualistic relationship in medicine? Dating back to the B. C. era it has been believed that parasites, most commonly leeches and maggots, were the cure for various maladies.Leeches at one time were thought to cure everything from obesity to mental illness. In the early 20th century there was no longer a need for parasites with the medical and technological advances we were making. Their popularity has begun to grow since the 1980s and is seen more often in medical practice. Thesis Statement Some parasites, over the course of h istory, have proven to hold a symbiotic relationship with the human body in medical applications. Prior to the days that we think of as modern medicine, parasites were used for many things in medical practice. One example is leeches.The use of leeches in medicine started around 2,000 B. C. with the Greek and Roman physicians. During the medieval times they were very prevalent in the household medicine cabinets as they were used on a regular basis to treat many different ailments. (Jaffari, M. 2012) As modern medicine emerged parasites were viewed as a bad thing. Things we did not want inside us or around us. We discovered many ways to eradicate them from our bodies, thus also eradicating them from medicinal use. In more recent years testing is being done especially with the helminth (worm) species of parasites.These parasites are being used to treat medical conditions such as ulcerative colitis, vascular diseases and allergies, just to name a few, with very interesting results. Itâ €™s beginning to seem as if humans and parasites in some applications can benefit each other after all. The use of parasites to treat ailments has been around for centuries. It is thought to date back as far as the Stone Age. The first written reference of this was in a medical poem by Nicander of Colophon (185-135BC). This poem referenced leeching (bloodletting) in particular. It is believed that all ancient civilizations used bloodletting in their medical practice.In ancient Greece they believed in the Humoral Theory. This theory stated that the body was made up of four humors; these were blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile and you became ill because these humors were out of balance. The leeches were used to keep these humors in balance; thus, keeping the patient healthy. During the early nineteenth century in Europe it was not uncommon to find leeches in people’s medicine cabinets. The use of leeches during this time was very prevalent and they were believed to be almost a â€Å"cure all†. Bloodletting became so popular in Europe, that the commercial trade in leeches became a major industry.France during this era suffered such a shortage of leeches that they had to import 41. 5 million of the parasites. Due to the extremely high demand for this product, the medicinal leech almost became extinct in Europe. When the numbers being harvested from the wild became insufficient, some countries started the practice of leech farming. (El-Awady, 2003) Leeches were not the only parasite that received high acclaim for medical uses. The maggot has been known for its healing ability since the 16th century. In 1917, Dr. William S. Baer made an incredible observation while working as a physician during World War I.Two soldiers were brought into the hospital, both having compound fractures to their femurs and very large wounds to the abdomen. It was discovered that these two soldiers had been wounded in battle seven days prior but because of the ove r growth in the area the two men were over looked when the wounded were first recovered. At that time the mortality rate for people with compound fractures was as high as 85%, even with the best medical care. Despite the lack of food and water, being exposed to the elements during those seven days, and the severity of the wounds, the doctor found that the men had no fever, and there was no evidence of sepsis.When their clothing was removed the doctor discovered that the wounds were filled with blow fly maggots. The maggots were washed from the injuries to find that the exposed bone and tissue were in perfect condition. Cultures were taken with very few bacteria still present. Ten years later Dr. Baer would use this theory on four children with osteomyelitis which is a disease causing inflammation of the bone and bone marrow usually caused by reoccurring bacterial infections. (Dictionary. com, 2012) All four children had had several surgeries for this, all of which had failed to heal .The doctor obtained maggots from his neighborhood and trying to copy most of the conditions that he observed with the soldiers he attempted his experiment. He used no chemical antibiotics, no iodine to clean the area, surgery was done bare handed and using only water. This way if the wound healed it would be strictly due to the maggots. Dr. Baer continued his treatment of maggot therapy to find that in six weeks the wounds these children suffered from had healed completely. In the spring of 1929 more cases were submitted using this form of treatment with the same results. (Baer, 1931)During the early to middle 20th century the technological and medical advances we had made took the place of â€Å"medieval medicine† and along with it the use of parasites in medical practice. Maggots were removed from medicinal use in the 1930s. With the introduction of new antibiotics and better surgical techniques we found that we had a much better grasp of healing and inhibiting bacterial i nfections and we no longer required the use of maggots to heal open wounds. Although, in 1989 there were findings that maggot therapy was superior in certain cases to antibiotic therapy for eradicating a bacterial infection.The first modern clinical studies of maggot therapy were started at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Long Beach, CA, and at the University of California, Irvine. The results of these studies showed that the use of maggots today is still an effective and safe treatment for certain types of wounds. The reports also stated that there is no reason to use maggots as a last resort. There are published reports of a limb salvage rate of over 40% in pre-amputation maggot therapy. When this therapy was used even earlier in the course of treatment the results were even more dramatic. Sherman, 2010)   Leeches have always had their place in history as we have seen. Leech therapy was used up until the 1960s when it too was removed from medical practice. Bloodletting of sorts was taken over by modern day phlebotomy. So we again saw no need in using the old practices with the advances we had made. In the 1980s, leech therapy made a big comeback by plastic surgeons that used leeches to relieve venous congestion. If this congestion was not treated, the blood would clot and arteries that bring the blood and nourishments to the tissues would become plugged and the tissues would die.This is where the leech therapy would come in handy. Once they were applied to the site, the leeches sucked the excess blood, which helped to reduce the swelling in the tissues and promoted healing by allowing fresh, oxygenated blood to reach the area until normal circulation could be restored. The leeches also assisted in the healing by the secretion of an anticoagulant known as hirudin which would keep the blood in the area from clotting. The present day medical world is once more looking towards some parasites as very useful tools in certain areas of medical practice.The leech’s saliva contains a number of chemical compounds that are very useful in medicine. We already mentioned the anti-coagulant hirudin. This has been studied for use in helping to prevent heart attacks and strokes. The leech naturally secretes a local anesthetic that it uses when attaching to the host to avoid detection. This has proven helpful to lessen pain in some patients. Doctors and patients have seen the benefits of the vasodilator and a prostaglandin secreted by this parasite as it is known to reduce swelling in situations of inflammation.The leech’s gut harbors a bacterium known as Aeromonan hydrophila which aids in its digestion of ingested blood and produces an antibiotic that kills other bacteria that can cause tissue decomposition. The most present day uses for leech therapy are digital replants, skin grafting, hematomas, and some leeches are being raised specifically for pharmaceutical uses. Leech therapy is proving to be useful for a number of other co nditions including osteoarthritis, ophthalmology and dermatology.As with any treatment there can be side effects. Leeching is no exception. A few of the side effects associated with leech therapy include infection, excess blood loss that may require blood transfusion, and allergic reactions. Science has developed a â€Å"clean† leech which helps to lessen the number of bacterial infections. These are leeches specially raised to not carry the normal bacteria that regular leeches carry. As an alternative to real leeches, Scientists at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have developed a mechanical leech.This invention mimics the action of the live leech allowing for fresh blood to flow through the wound. (El-Awady, 2003) Maggots have also found their niche in today’s medical world. These often thought of as â€Å"icky† parasites are used in some wound care applications. This therapy even has a name, maggot debridement therapy or MDT. Maggots are very efficient hea lers of wounds as we have seen. The reason for this is that the maggots eat only the dead tissues and leave the healthy, living tissues intact. They also excrete compounds which inhibit and may even kill bacteria.This is extremely useful in areas where there is poor blood supply; these areas are unable to benefit from antibiotic therapy as it is unable to reach the required area in high enough concentrations to do what was intended. The most common uses for maggots today are wound debridement and diabetic foot ulcers. The side effect patients are most at risk for is bacterial infections. As with the leeches scientists are able to raise â€Å"clean† maggots, lowering the number of infections. More recently added to the list of helpful parasites has been the hookworm.These parasites live in your gut and thrive on the nourishment that you take in. Hookworm infection is actually known to have a beneficial effect on health. There are published studies that show hookworms can lesse n or even cure allergies such as inflammatory bowel disease, food allergies and even asthma. The saliva that the worms produce changes the immune system and keeps your body from overreacting to the substances that cause the allergies. (Sifferlin, 2012) There are several uses for hook worms being studied presently.These are; ulcerative colitis, allergies and asthma control. Some of the outcomes have been very positive. Because the worms feed from the same nutrients that you are taking in the largest risk with hookworm infection is anemia. In third world countries this can be a devastating side effect but, in the western world there is less concern about this issue. Conclusion Parasitic mutualism occurs when each member of the association benefits the other. Our ancient ancestors seemed to have made good use of the human parasite relationship.As technology increased we turned from the â€Å"old way† of doing things and disregarded any use of parasites in medical practice. But, did our ancient ancestors know something that we are just now starting to grasp once again? With the testing we are seeing more recently it seems that it is possible for these creepy crawlies that make us feel so squeamish could be very helpful to us and our health. Even with the positive results of the use of parasites in medicine there are still many mysteries regarding the symbiotic relationship between parasite and man.