The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway - 1734 Words

Ernest Hemingway was a man among men. He painted his life through written words. In his life Hemingway experienced events that would change him and shape the man that he was. Hemingway wrote about his time he spent in World War I in his first novel, The Sun Also Rises, and in his last novel, The Old Man and the Sea, he writes about his fishing exploits, both of which Hemingway experienced himself. By comparing these two works that he has written, a reader can perceive his linguistic style and the reflection on himself through the protagonists in the stories. Hemingway is among the great American writers. He served his time in World War I and was always his best character. Hemingway became a celebrity and a legend in his lifetime. The amount of drama in his love-life seemed to overshadow the great quality of the work that he produced. Hemingway can also be considered a literary scholar, a reader and writer of many books. People might not realize this because of all the safari trips, the fishing, bull-fighting, and the war, that he took part in. His first novel, The Sun also Rises, was written in 1926, when Hemingway was in Paris after World War I. Like all writers, there are some that influence others. The ancient author of the Aeneid, Virgil was influenced by Homer, the author of the Odyssey and the Iliad. All three stories share some of the same places, characters, and some history of the great city of Troy. But one tells it in more detail or in a different perspectiveShow MoreRelatedThe Old Man And The Sea By Ernest Hemingway1599 Words   |  7 PagesNew York, NY USA 10027 Dear Pulitzer Prize Judging Board: The Old Man and the Sea by American author, Ernest Hemingway deserved the Pulitzer Prize it received because of the author s use of craft elements, the realness of all of the characters and events, and the lasting themes that are relevant to the year it was written that were created by this realness, which in turn created a legacy. The first reason The Old Man and the Sea deserved its Pulitzer Prize is because of the author’s use of craftRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea By Ernest Hemingway1744 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Old Man and The Sea† by Ernest Hemingway is a story about an old man named Santiago who has to overcome many obstacles in his time at sea and in life (Hemingway). Despite being a fisherman, Santiago has not caught fish in 84 days and is faced by numerous dilemmas and shortcomings as things seem to always go wrong for him (Hemingway). This paper provides an analysis of the novel by interpreting it as a secular humanist epic. This paper hypothesizes that the character of Santiago is guided byRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea By Ernest Hemingway1952 Words   |  8 Pagesinternal conflicts; there are many internal and external conflicts in the novella. One of the main conflicts is that Santiago couldn’t catch the marlin. This is resolved by Santiago eventually catching the fish three days after he returned back to sea after he had an eighty four day unsuccessful streak; this solution is believable because he was determined to catch the fish which he did. A secondary conflict in this novella was that Santiago began to talk to himself because Manolin is no longer withRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea By Ernest Hemingway2056 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"The Old Man and The Sea† by Ernest Hemingway Plot Summary: â€Å"The Old Man and The Sea† relates the difficult life of an old Cuban fisherman that struggles in his profession for a long period of time until he catches the biggest fish in his life. The story begins presenting readers the fact that Santiago, the old fisherman, has been eighty-four days without catching a fish. This uncomfortable situation leads Manolin, a teenager who works with Santiago, to leave him under his father’s command.Read MoreThe Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway Essay589 Words   |  3 PagesThe Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway After reading this novel, The Old Man and the Sea, by Ernest Hemingway, I was confused about something the old man kept repeating. During the course of the book, the old man, Santiago, refers to having gone out to far to catch the fish. To me, this sounds as though he is making excuses for himself as to why he could not bring the fish in. On the other hand, he may have realized that he should not have gone out so far because it was not worth it forRead MoreAn Old Fisherman in The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway939 Words   |  4 Pages On July 21, 1899, Ernest Hemingway was born to Grace Hall-Hemingway and Clarence Edmonds Hemingway in Oak Park, Illinois. He started off his writing career in high school, when he was writing sports articles for the high school newspaper. From there, he moved on to writing for the Kansas City Star, where he learned to write in his unique short sentences, declarative, writing style. From journalism, Hemingway moved on to the military life an d met a nurse in Milan that was his inspiration for â€Å"ARead MoreErnest Hemingway s A Old Man And The Sea1588 Words   |  7 PagesErnest Hemingway, an Intense Macho Bullfighting Woodsman of an author, If you met him in person you would not beleive him when he told you he s an author. However Ernest Hemingway is a very accomplished author, well known as the Chronicler of the lost generation, and for his Pulitzer Prize winning Old Man and the Sea. Hemingway also was known for his collection of short stories, like In Another Country and The Snows of Kilimanjaro, as with many of his stories these two are set in 2 places he hasRead MoreErnest Hemingway s The Old Man And The Sea942 Words   |  4 PagesSome believe to live is to endure, and in Ernest Hemingway s The Old Man and the Sea This idea is explored in a simplistic style of writing called Iceberg Theory, a style unique to Hemingway. In this powerful, yet simple novel Ernest Hemingway eloquently portrays the hardships of the average man. Old Man and the Sea is based on an old man named Santiago and his battle with a giant Marlin in the middle of the sea. The old man s experience with the marlin is one of misfortune, pride, and accomplishmentRead MoreThe Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway Essay983 Words   |  4 PagesThe Old Man and the Sea There is a scene in Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea, when after a shark has taken a big chunk about forty pounds off Santiago prize marlin catch, Santiago begin to doubt whether he should have gone out to sea and wishes that he had never hooked the fish and was alone in bed with his newspaper (103). Immediately after the Santiago says, â€Å"But man is not made for defeat a man can be destroyed but not defeated† (103). The life of Ernest Hemingway intertwines to theRead MoreRelationship Between The Old Man And The Sea And Ernest Hemingway1075 Words   |  5 Pagesthe author of The Old Man and The Sea, Ernest Hemingway. Gertrude, an American novelist, poet, playwright and art collector, served as a mentor for Ernest. The novelist also served as a godmother to Ernest along with her companion, Alice B. Toklas. Ernest Hemingway used his experience with Gertrude in his 1952 book, The Old Man and The Sea. Santiago and Manolin share a relationship similar to Ernest Hemingway and Gertrude Stein. Throughout The Old Man and The Sea, Ernest Hemingway provides many details

The Punishment Of The Death Penalty Essay - 3196 Words

The ultimate punishment of the death penalty has long been advocated in the light of its ability to deter future capital crimes and its ability to bring closure and retribution to those who were directly affected by it. Many advocates for the death penalty have always used deterrence and retribution as their salient topics but deterrence and retribution are starting to lose their efficacy. The population of death row has dropped every year for 13 consecutive years, from 2000-2013, and only 16% of the people on death row have been executed since 1973 (Snell, 2013). Eighteen states have abolished the death penalty and the remaining 32 states have reduced their practices of the death penalty, given this 13 consecutive year drop rate of death row inmates (Death Penalty Info, 2015). A majority of the studies conducted on the death penalty focus on deterrence, a few on costs, even less on the innocent and only one on plea bargains it is clear that the studies on this debate should be more diverse. This literature review aims at examining these different aspects to weigh the integrity of the death penalty. The death penalty does not bring what it used to into our criminal justice system with deterrence degraded, the number of innocent people stacking, practices in favor of the prosecutors, and an overcharged bill to sum it all up (Judge Alarcà ³n Mitchell, 2002; Rakoff, 2014; Land, Teske, Zheng, 2009; Gross, Hu, Kennedy, O’Brien, 2014). These are not the results that theShow MoreRelatedThe Death Penalty And Punishment928 Words   |  4 PagesPunishment by death dates back in multiple cultures and societies for as long as records have been kept. According to the Death Penalty Information Center (DPIC), 4th century’s Roman Law of the Twelve Tab lets through 18th century Babylon, where around 25 crimes preempted punishment by death, included some documented forms of the death penalty. Common methods in these times included crucifixion, beatings, and burning while alive. European influence brought capital punishment to the Americas whereRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is The Punishment Of Punishment2059 Words   |  9 PagesThe Death Penalty is the punishment of execution, administered to someone legally convicted of a capital crime. Death Penalty goes as far back as the Ancient Laws of China as established as punishment for crimes. In the 18th Century BC, the Code of King Hammurabi of Babylon codified the death penalty for 25 different crimes, although murder was not one of them. Lex Talionis is the principle or law of retaliation that a punishment inflicted corresponds in degree kind to the offense of the wrongdoerRead MoreThe Punishment Of The Death Penalty1620 Words   |  7 Pages The 2005 decision made in Roper v. Simmon s’ declared that the crimes committed by people under the age of 18 would not be punishable by death. Because of this the United States Supreme Court challenged the constitutionality of the death penalty for juveniles. Whether the decision was appropriate or not is still under intense debate to this day. â€Å"A primary purpose of the juvenile justice system is to hold juvenile offenders accountable for delinquent acts while providing treatment, rehabilitativeRead MoreThe Punishment Of The Death Penalty1634 Words   |  7 Pageskill then you are killed. I am for Capital Punishment. I started class with this view and although I have been tested through some of the topics, I stand by my decision. It seemed easy to think that way. Through the course, I have learned how to better articulate and understand my views. I still have the same gut reaction that those who kill get killed, but I now understand why I feel this way. I agree in most part with the practices of the death pe nalty, although I do feel that some reform wouldRead MoreThe Punishment Of The Death Penalty867 Words   |  4 Pages Despite the widespread abandonment of death sentencing by many developed nations, the United States continues to execute citizens every year. The standard methods used to execute Americans have evolved over time. Each state has adopted their own preferences for sentencing those convicted of the most heinous crimes. Death by lethal injection is now most commonly practiced and hangings, firing squads, and the electric chair, have been progressively phased out. American society continues to dignifyRead MoreThe Death Penalty As A Form Of Punishment1491 Words   |  6 Pages The Death Penalty Elizabeth del Rio San Jose State University Abstract This paper will propose all the arguments for and against the use of the death penalty as a form of punishment. The death penalty, also known as Capital Punishment, is a punishment for criminals who haveRead MoreThe Death Penalty Of Capital Punishment1480 Words   |  6 Pagesjustice system, such as the death penalty. Capital punishment has been used many times in history all around the world, and it was quite popular. Many people argue that capital punishment is useful in deterring crime and that it is only fair that criminals receive death as punishment for a heinous crime. On the contrary, others see the death penalty as a violation of the 8th amendment. It restricts excessive fines, and it also does not allow cruel and unusual punishment to be inflicted upon criminalsRead MoreCapital Punishment : The Death Penalty1212 Words   |  5 PagesMoney, Complications, Delays, and Innocents: Controversy Against the Death Penalty The government has sanctioned the practice of the death penalty to those who are believed to be deserving of such serious retribution. Capital punishment manages to maintain a large amount of public support; however, it has recently received the label of a dying practice. The decline of executions can be traced back to the high price, complicated procedures, and ongoing trials placed on these cases because of theRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1106 Words   |  5 Pages Jesse Jackson once said, â€Å"Capital punishment turns the state into a murderer.† Capital punishment has been around for several hundred years, the first documented execution in America taking place in 1608, but more recently this form of punishment has been raising questions on its morality. While the form of execution has changed over the years, from firing squad to lethal injection, all forms succeed in their purpose: to kill. Support for capital punishment is still very strong in Americ a, the reasonsRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is The Ultimate Punishment882 Words   |  4 PagesLlamas Curtis Becker Comp 1 03 October 2017 The death penalty The death penalty is the ultimate punishment. There is no harsher punishment than death itself. This nation, the United States of America, is currently one of fifty-eight nations that practice the death penalty, if one commits first-degree murder as of 2012. People that believe in the death penalty also believe that it will deter murders. In this paper I will argue that the death penalty does not deter criminals and that this nation should

Contemporary Business Issues for Wesfarmers Limited †A Powerful Case

Question: Discuss about theContemporary Business Issuesfor Wesfarmers Limited. Answer: Introduction Wesfarmers limited is an Australian organization. It has covered almost a hundred years after being founded in the year 1914. Other than Australia, the organization has its branches in New Zealand, Bangladesh, Ireland, and United Kingdom. It operates in the conglomerate industry. Approximately, 205,000 people are employed in the Wesfarmers limited. It was originally founded as a co-operative of Western Australian farmers, which provided services and commodities. In the year 1984, became a huge conglomerate after being listed on the Australian Stock Exchange. The company has many subsidiaries all over the globe. The company has avoided the effects of the Global Financial Crisis, which shows the strength of the organization. It has tried to expand overseas, while the other Australian organizations have failed. This makes the move of Wesfarmers a bold one. Sticking to the Australian market which is small regarding the size of the domestic market, the company with its huge resources, has the strength to expand (Islam, Jain and Haque 2016). A Strategic Management Cycle framework shows how governance by the authorities of an organization creates strategy and implements those with absolute control to direct the organization towards sustainability. The work of an organizations governing body is strategy formation and implementation, which involves the board of the members, CEO of the company and the senior management. They together control the operations with the strategic operations. These are the internal attributes of the company. The accountability of the stakeholders depends on the sustainability of the organization, which is an external attribute. It depends on the satisfaction level of the stakeholders. If the stakeholders think that the strategies adopted by the governing body will ensure profit in the long run, they will keep investing in the market. The Wesfarmers Limited has taken several strategies. The report analyzes the strategies adopted by the company and the outcomes which will follow the actions of the g overning body (Richardson 2014). Strategic Management Cycle Framework: Figure 1: Strategic Management Cycle Framework for Wesfarmers Limiteds success. Source: (As created by the author.) Policies: The Strategic Management Cycle for Wesfarmers Limited has shown how the policies are relevant for the companys growth. Some of the policies can be listed as follows: Entrepreneur of the year of 1989, Trevor Eastwood, of Wesfarmers said, We set target rates for people and the level of returns they ought to get at various levels in the company. This caused people to concentrate on the things that really mattered in life and we started to see tremendous growth in profitability which generated funds that we were able to invest in further diversification and gave us additional growth. Providing the workers one target at a time helped them completing the tasks with undivided attention. Before implementing this strategy, the organization was returning less than 10 per cent on the shareholder funds. After adopting this policy, the returning increased to a whopping 22 per cent by the year 1989 (Adams 2016). Wesfarmers had introduced a gender diversity policy. This has ensured a long term success story for the organization. For the last five years the percentage of workers who are women, has been more or less the same. The percentage of women workers is more than male workers in the organization. According to the spokespersons of the company, this attribute will help the company to achieve an inclusive culture. It will also help the organization to improve talent management, Increase the efficiency in the recruitment practices. The pay equity will also be addressed by this policy (Moscardo et al. 2013). Percentage of female employees in Wesfarmers Limited Years 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Non-executive directors 25 25 30 30 33 Senior-executive directors 22 21 25 25 25 All management roles 26 28 28 29 29 Total workforce 57 57 57 56 55 Table 1: Female employees percentage in Wesfarmers Limited. Source: (Developed by the author.) These were the policies implemented by the governing body of Wesfarmers. The policies are made for reaching the targets like long run sustainability, growth, increase in total revenue, and others. This is the initial process of the Strategic Management Cycle Framework. The next step comes as the strategy creation by the senior management and the CEO (Hubbard, Rice and Galvin 2014). Strategies and Their Implementation: Market Segmentation: The company segmented the consumers of the market depending on their valuation of the commodities sold. According to the spokespersons of the organization, this is "the essence of executing the retail business model." The greatness of the strategy is that it helps the company to produce the goods which are more demanded by the consumers most. This increases the revenue of the organization. Understanding the consumer demographic will help the organization to determine the quantity and quality which is needed by the customers. Generating new insights into the customers of the organization will increase the profit margins of the company (Morison and Ramsay 2014). Pricing Strategy: The conglomerate industry is following an aggressive pricing strategy, where each firm is trying to get more market share by reducing their prices. But this can only be achieved if the suppliers of Wesfarmers Limited can approve to lowering their prices. The market became more customer-driven since the Global Financial Crisis. The company has two choices, one is being the price leader, and the other one is suggesting being the price follower of the leading firm. Changing the prices of the commodities costs the organizations. Thus, changing the price in the short run or the long-term is a point of concern. Making a low price and sticking to it is the best strategy for the company. This grows the trust in the customers. The retailers need data mining in order to create market segments. Here, price is the major factor which divides the market (Harding, Shankar and Jackson 2013). Private Labels: Another strategy worth mentioning is regarding a certain trend of using private labels in the market. The other companies in the industry have introduced several products which are carrying the companies private label. This increases and promotes the brand name. But this strategy has some loopholes. The suppliers who used to supply the similar goods are losing their market share as they mainly sell their products to these large conglomerates. It shakes the intermediate goods industry. The price of the goods supplied by the small suppliers gets challenged. It reduces the value of products. There are some customers who are loyal to these products. They miss the chance of buying their product of choice. Wesfarmers created a code of conduct which saves the interest of the suppliers. This creates a strong bond with the stakeholders of Wesfarmers. These standardized set of principles provided the company new reputation in the market (Cheng, Green and Ko 2014). Treatment of Animals: Wesfarmers and its supplier follow the treatment of animals through their ethical sourcing. Animal welfare is considered in the management ethical strategies. The management of suppliers on the commercial grounds of price, quality, and efficiency are the key issues of fairness, ethics and doing the right thing is now, therefore, becoming more prominent (Klettner, Clarke and Boersma 2014). Internationalization: The organization has considered a new international strategy, which let the organization acquire a home base in the United Kingdom. The organization has past history of challenging bigger names and winning them over in their turf. The company is trying the same here in the foreign land while the other conglomerates of Australia failing doing the same. This makes the move highly risky (Akbar and Ahsan 2014). Strategic Operations: Wesfarmers has ensured delivering shareholder return both in the short run and in the long run. The cash flow generation process of the organization incorporates: Growth in long term earning possibilities. Efficient management of working capital in the organization and its subsidiaries. Creating a strong process of capital expenditure. The shareholders are benefited by the service being provided by the organization. To ensure a positive return for the shareholders in the short run, as well as the long run the company has ensured the following: The returns on the invested capitals are improved through the strategies and implemented policies. Growth of the dividends over the time. This provides long run positive returns for the shareholders. Capital and resources are scarce. Thus these have to be handled efficiently. The organization has ensured effective management of capital. The organization invests above the cost of the capital. It provides security to the shareholders, and makes the shares more lucrative. The financial discipline of the organization is such designed that it provides positive returns in the long run. Any exogenous shock which might disrupt the companys revenue is considered while designing the finance system (Janssens and Kaptein 2014). Strategies for Sustainability: Sustainable growth is every companys main agenda. To achieve this, every company takes some strategies and implements some policies. The outcome of the policies determines whether the policies implemented were appropriate for the companys sustainability. This sustainability is ensured by consistent growth. The job of the organizations CEO and other senior management officers is to ensure this growth pattern. To attain sustainability an organization needs some policies which will survive for a long term. By long term it is meant that all the factors of production of the company are variable (James 2013). Acquisition: The CEO of the Wesfarmers, Richard Goyder (since 2005) has taken strategy which is relatively aggressive. He opted for attaining growth through acquisition. The transactions were done just before the Global financial Crisis, which made the move riskier. But constant work by the CEO made the move a success (Kotler et al. 2015). Positive return on capital: For achieving a successive growth rate, the company needs sustaining increase in shareholder value. Hence, the return on capital is important for the company. According to Bob Every, retired Chairman of Wesfarmers, the main strategy for sustainability the company follows is ensuring positive return on the capital consistently. Human resource department and reputation: The value creating strategies followed by the company is ensured by taking responsibility of not only the shareholders, but of the stakeholders also. Appropriate governance, gender and racial diversity, human rights, transparent transactions also add to the value. This also goes to the organizations reputation (Zentes, Morschett and Schramm-Klein 2017). Code of conduct maintained by HR department: The department of Human Resources, to ensure sustainable growth, has created code of conduct which helps the fifteen thousand suppliers across the group. This move not only created a good relationship between the suppliers and Wesfarmers, it also helped to create a healthy business environment. This is a must for having a sustaining future (Rowe et al. 2014). Summary of Recommendations: Recognizing top talents and using them according to the demand prevailing in the market with the help of the HR department. Risk assessment of the market before expansion. Creating a better client base by product surveys in different geographical segments of the market. Researching the market thoroughly before acquisition. Creating private labels for those products which are less supplied by the suppliers. Proposal of Implementing Recommendations: Top Talents Recognition by the HR Department: The Human Resource department has to recognize talents which are responsible for the organizations well being and good reputation. These are the people whose actions have added value to the service provided by the organization. These people can belong from within the organization and outside the organization. The workers, working in Wesfarmers Limited directly are within organization talents, and those who are from the supplier companies are called outside the organization talents. To ensure top quality service by these people in the future, the company and the Hr department can give those workers prizes and other incentives for their quality of service. The prizes can be in either cash, or in kind. They can be provided with more incentives. This will show those employees that good work is appreciated. Other workers within and outside of the organization, seeing this, will try to join in and increase their production (Limnios and Mazzarol 2014). Risk Assessment Before Expansion: Before expanding the market by bringing in new products or opening new stores, the company has to see the market demand for the same. The demand structure will guide the organization to answer of whether to expand or not. The expansion can be divided into product expansion and operating stores expansion. The demand structure will show the trend line. Without increased demand, there is no need for expansion. The nature of the increased demand has to be assessed. If the increase is for short run, just an increase in the production will suffice. If the increase shows long run potential and permanent, the organization can expand by producing more products and opening new stores in selected places (Kenny 2013). Product Survey and Different Geographical Segments: Wesfarmers Limited operates in a vast geographical area and in both domestic and international markets. It incorporates several cultures, races, geographical positions, and many more attributes, due to which the demand pattern changes. The demand for goods is different in different communities. Geographical positions also play an important role in determining the type of good to be sold. For example, the places which are relatively hot, needs less woollen products than those places which are relatively cold. Hence, the products require a survey in each location to determine the products demand. Otherwise, it will create over supply and inventory accumulation (Berk et al. 2013). Market Research Before Acquisition: A thorough market research is needed before acquiring another firm. The financial situation of the organizations and the economys strength has to be assessed before the acquisition. Otherwise, an action like acquisition, which includes significant transactions might cause economic blunder and hurt the organization financially. The acquisition of Coles by Wesfarmers was just before the Global Financial Crisis. The situation left the CEO in jeopardy, though he managed to climb out of it with hard work for days. A proper research prior the acquisition would have saved him from the troubles. The Wesfarmers Limited has the potential to acquire many regional companies, which can increase Wesfarmers revenue. Proper market research will show the company if the timing is perfect for the acquisition (Brown 2014). Private Labels: The code of conduct binds the organization from preparing private labels, as it will hurt the suppliers. The suppliers, who are already operating in the market knows how to minimize the cost and hence creating private label for those goods is not an efficient decision. But there are some goods which has relatively less number of suppliers. The organization can also start selling new products, which are not supplied by the suppliers yet. The senior management has to find among these products, which has high demand in the market. This way the organization can increase its brand value and the total revenue as well (Jones, Hillier and Comfort 2014). References: Adams, M.A., 2016. Contemporary case studies in corporate governance failures. Governance Directions, 68(6), p.335. Akbar, S. and Ahsan, K., 2014. Analysis of corporate social disclosure practices of Australian retail firms. International Journal of Managerial and Financial Accounting, 6(4), pp.375-396. Berk, J., DeMarzo, P., Harford, J., Ford, G., Mollica, V. and Finch, N., 2013. Fundamentals of corporate finance. Pearson Higher Education AU. Brown, B., 2014. Call for greater courage. Governance Directions, 66(7), p.390. Cheng, M.M., Green, W.J. and Ko, J.C.W., 2014. The impact of strategic relevance and assurance of sustainability indicators on investors' decisions. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory, 34(1), pp.131-162. Grayson-Morison, R. and Ramsay, I., 2014. Responsibilities of the Board of Directors. Company and Securities Law Journal, 32(1), pp.69-77. Harding, D., Shankar, S. and Jackson, R., 2013. The renaissance in mergers and acquisitions: The surprising lessons of the 2000s. Bain Company. Hubbard, G., Rice, J. and Galvin, P., 2014. Strategic management. Pearson Australia. Islam, M.A., Jain, A. and Haque, S., 2016. A Preliminary Analysis of Australian Governments Indigenous Reform Agenda Closing the Gapand Corporate Accountability. In Key Initiatives in Corporate Social Responsibility (pp. 341-354). Springer International Publishing. James, H., 2013. Tag Archives: Business. Evolutionary Theory. Janssens, M. and Kaptein, M., 2014. The ethical responsibility of companies toward animals: A study of the expressed commitment of the Fortune Global 200. Available at SSRN 2513354. Jones, P., Hillier, D. and Comfort, D., 2014. Environmental and Social Programmes and Rapidly Growing Retailers. Economia. Seria Management, 17(1), pp.5-17. Kenny, G., 2013. The stakeholder or the firm? Balancing the strategic framework. Journal of Business Strategy, 34(3), pp.33-40. Klettner, A., Clarke, T. and Boersma, M., 2014. The governance of corporate sustainability: Empirical insights into the development, leadership and implementation of responsible business strategy. Journal of Business Ethics, 122(1), pp.145-165. Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L. and Armstrong, G., 2015. Marketing. Pearson Higher Education AU. Limnios, E.M. and Mazzarol, T., 2014. 11. Losing sight of purposethe United Farmers Co-operative Company. Research Handbook on Sustainable Co-operative Enterprise: Case Studies of Organisational Resilience in the Co-operative Business Model, p.188. Moscardo, G., Lamberton, G., Wells, G., Fallon, W., Lawn, P., Rowe, A., Humphrey, J., Wiesner, R., Pettitt, B., Clifton, D. and Renouf, M., 2013. Sustainability in Australian business: Principles and practice. Wiley-Blackwell. Richardson, D., 2014. Submission to the financial services review. Rowe, A.L., Nowak, M., Quaddus, M. and Naude, M., 2014. Stakeholder engagement and sustainable corporate community investment. Business Strategy and the Environment, 23(7), pp.461-474. Zentes, J., Morschett, D. and Schramm-Klein, H., 2017. Corporate Social Responsibility. In Strategic Retail Management (pp. 207-226). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.

Ralph Essays (609 words) - Lecturers, Transcendentalism, Mystics

Ralph Waldo Emmerson Ralph Waldo Emerson "...was truly one of our great geniuses" even though he may have a short biography (Hodgins 212). But as Emerson once said himself, "Great geniuses have the shortest biographies." Emerson was also a major leader of "the philosophical movement of Transcendentalism". (Encarta 1) Transcendentalism was belief in a higher reality than that found everyday life that a human can achieve. Biographical Information Emerson was born on May 25, 1803 in Boston, Massachusetts. His father died when he was young and his mother was left with him and his four other siblings. At the age of 18 he graduated from Harvard University and was a teacher for three years in Boston. Then in 1825 he entered Harvard Divinity School and preached for three years. At the age of 29 he resigned for ministry, partly because of the death of his wife after only 17 months of marriage. In 1835 he married Lydia Jackson and started to lecture. Then in 1836, he helped to start the Transcendental Club. The Transcendental Club was formed for authors that were part of this historical movement. Emerson was a big part of this and practically initiated the entire club. As we know he was already a major part of the movement and know got himself involved more. Many people and ways of life throughout his career including Neoplatonism, the Hindu religion, Plato and even his wife influenced Emerson. He also inspired many Transcendentalists like Thoreau. Emerson didn't win any major awards, but he did win the love and appreciation of his readers. Literary Information Emerson wrote many genres of writing including poetry and sermons, but his best writing is found in his essays. Even though he is noted for his essays, he was also a strong force in poetry. Emerson was known for presenting ideas in an expressive style. He wrote about numerous issues including nature, society, conspiracy and freedom. After returning to America after a visit to England, he wrote for the abolitionist cause, which was eliminating slavery. Emerson used these ideas in his 1837 lecture "The American Scholar," which he presented before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Harvard. In it he talked about Americans becoming more intelligently independent. In a second address, commonly referred to as the "Address at Divinity College," given in 1838 to the graduating class of Cambridge Divinity College, brought about a problem because it attacked religion and pushed independence. Some of Emerson's famous titles are "Essays", which was published in 1844, Poems, which was published in 1847, "Nature: Addresses and Lectures", 1849, and "Representative Men", 1850. In 1860, he published "Conduct of Life", which was the first of his works to receive immediate popularity. In these works you were able to see the influence Plato and Neoplatonism had of him. "Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher. He developed the notion of a higher reality that exists beyond the powers of human comprehension. Plato explained that the idea of absolute goodness transcends human description. Neoplantonism was a collective designation for the philosophical and religious doctrines of a heterogeneous school of speculative thinkers who sought to develop and synthesize the metaphysical ideas of Plato" (Encarta). Ralph Waldo Emerson found motivation to write in anything he did, whether it was visiting England, the Transcendental Movement or if it was abolishing slavery. He didn't receive much fame during his lifetime, but after he passed away in1882, he was remembered for all of his writing, not just one good essay. "Emerson was the most important figure during the Romantic Period" (Myerson 3). He left his mark on writing, especially the Romantic Period. Bibliography "Emerson, Ralph Waldo." Microsoft Encarta. CD-ROM. 1998 ed. "Emerson, Ralph Waldo." Lkd. Columbia University Homepage, at "ILT Web." *http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/acedemic/digitexts/emerson/bio_emerson.html * Hodgins, Francis. ed. Adventures in American Literature. Orlando: Harcourt, 1989. Myerson, Joel. "Ralph Waldo Emerson." Grolier Encyclopedia. CD-ROM. 1993 ed.

7 Negative Prefixes

7 Negative Prefixes 7 Negative Prefixes 7 Negative Prefixes By Mark Nichol What determines which prefix is attached to a word to form that word’s antonym? Why unlawful, but illegal? Why infirm, but impaired? You may be surprised that there’s a method to this madness: Negative prefixes come in forms that vary not only according to language derivation but also depending on meaning, and variations occur according to the letter that follows. Here are the ins and outs of in- and un- and their like, and details about their distinctions: 1-2. A-/An- These Greek-derived prefixes mark words expressing an absence of something (atypical, anodyne). A- is attached to words starting with consonants, and an- is the form for words beginning with vowels. An exception is words beginning with h; depending on the root word, either prefix may be present (ahistorical, anhydrous). 3. Anti- Anti-, from Greek by way of Latin, means â€Å"opposite† (antithetical) or â€Å"in opposition to† (antivirus), and can also denote defense (antisubmarine) or prevention (antidepressant). 4. Dis- This Latin prefix, when attached to a word, implies one of several meanings: absence (disaffected) or lack (disabled), opposition (disapprove), or removal (disenfranchise). 5. In- In- and its several variations, all signaling Latin derivation, also denote lack of a given quality. The variations il- and -ir are attached to words starting with l or r (illogical, irreversible). Im-, meanwhile, precedes m (immaterial) and p (impatient) and the lone example for b: imbalance. The rare prefix ig- sometimes comes before n (ignoble). In- appears before root words beginning with all other letters. 6. Non- This Latin negative prefix is the least particular of the class, and can often be found attached to root words so that the resulting term differs in meaning from one formed by the attachment of another negative prefix to the same root word. For example, nonrational means â€Å"not according to rational means or rules,† but unrational refers to behavior that does not conform to these norms. The nonparticular non- is the go-to negative prefix for neologisms. 7. Un- By contrast with the other negative prefixes, the attachment of this Latin-based form to a root word can, in addition to expressing lack or absence (unconcern), denote a reversal (uncoiled). It can also refer to an action not yet taken (unopened). Other Usage Notes The presence of negative prefixes can lead to awkward constructions such as â€Å"nonhearing-impaired people.† The easy solution in such cases is to relax the phrase: â€Å"people who are not hearing impaired.† Note, too, that with most prefixes, the insertion of a hyphen is the exception, not the rule. Prefixed words should be closed except when the root word is a proper noun (non-Euclidean) or in the rare case when confusion with a similarly constructed but distinct word is possible (un-ionized and unionized, for example). Wags have great fun with humorous poems and other compositions featuring invented examples of antonyms for unpaired words (words with negative prefixes that do not have antonyms), such as ept to contrast with inept which actually has an etymological counterpart in apt or ruth in opposition to ruthless. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Apply to, Apply for, and Apply with25 Russian Words Used in English (and 25 More That Should Be)Forming the Comparative of One-syllable Adjectives

The Grin That Apes A Smile Essays - Motivation, Philosophy Of Life

The Grin That Apes A Smile Essays - Motivation, Philosophy Of Life The Grin that Apes a Smile "Optimism, n. The doctrine, or belief that everything is beautiful, including what is ugly, everything good, especially the bad, and everything right that is wrong. It is held with greatest tenacity by those accustomed to the mischance of falling into adversity, and is most acceptably expounded with the grin that apes a smile. It is hereditary, but fortunately not contagious," writes Ambrose Bierce in The Devil's Dictionary. Optimism is more traditionally known as the belief that everything will get better, and that all things are for the best. Unfortunately for the characters of Candide, nothing ever works out for the best, despite the great optimism they exhibit. As a result, they become sophisticated enough to accept things as they are. Optimism cannot survive in the real world. The impracticality of optimism is exhibited in many different characters and events throughout the book. To begin with, Voltaire makes constant sardonic references to the phrase "all is for the best," throughout the narrative. In just four pages, he is able to use this phrase four times when describing the horrible events that happen to Candide. Also, the idea of optimism is shown to be unrealistic when the Old Woman states that everyone thinks they have the worst life in the world. This makes the point that one cannot be optimistic when there is so much suffering going on around them. Additionally, optimism is proven to be illogical when Candide is finally able to marry his love, Cunegonde, after spending much time and money questing to be with her. By the time he gets her, she is ugly and unwanted by Candide, thus making the entire quest for her unnecessary, and his optimism at the fact that he would soon be with her unwarranted. Moreover, the impracticality of optim! ism is shown when Pangloss changes from being a optimist to a realist. By doing this, Pangloss shows how quickly optimism can be destroyed by misfortune. In addition, optimism is shown to be a nonrealistic idea through the characterization of Martin, the pessimistic philosopher. Martin's pessimism in the book is the only constant, while the other characters are constantly on an emotional roller-coaster. Thus, Martin is the most stable character in the book, proving that pessimism is more practical than optimism when one has to deal with reality. Finally, the impracticality of optimism is shown when Candide decides, rather than continue to hope for the best, to accept reality as it is, and tend his garden. When he does this, he proves that the only practical way to deal with life is to accept the things that happen to you, rather than to hope for the best out of every situation. Many bad things happen to the good people in the book Candide. Even though they have seemingly inexhaustible amounts of optimism, things never get better for any of them. Because of this, they eventually wise up and begin to accept things as they are, rather than wanting to have things as they should be. In doing this, they destroy their impractical and destructive optimism for a more useful philosophy of life.

Country-risk analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Country-risk analysis - Research Paper Example to define South Africa based in terms of common occurrence and norms of society but also in terms of encapsulating the business environment and detailing how an individual or their family might necessarily be impacted by a move from candidate to South Africa. Rather than avoiding the issue until later in the analysis, it is first necessary to grapple with the proverbial gorilla in the room. Essentially, up until only two decades ago, South Africa was an apartheid state. Whereas the United States and other nations around the globe ceased segregating individuals based upon race many years ago, South Africa held on to a very conservative and racial viewpoint of society; one in which Africans and individuals of European ancestry did not integrate with one another and oftentimes did not engage within society. Naturally, these rules were established by a government which was predominantly European in ethnic origin (Vincent & Howell, 2014). Not surprisingly, the ethnic strife that this caused and the difficulty on race relations was profound. Within the current era, South Africa continues to exhibit some of the most profound and oftentimes violent racial relations of nearly any nation on earth. Accordingly, many individuals that come from Europ e or North America are flummoxed to see the degree of racial tension that exists within South Africa and the overall degree to which the painful past is reflected in current society, politics, culture, and even entertainment. As a direct result of this dynamic, it is necessary for individuals to appreciate the fact that the racial overtones and overtones within South Africa will be much stronger as compared to Canada. With this in mind, a renewed level of sensitivity to racial concerns and the degree and extent to which interaction and engagement with individuals of different races takes place within society and is normalized will be required (Govinder et al., 2013). Another relevant concern with respect to life and conducting

Direct & Digital Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Direct & Digital Marketing - Essay Example Gronroos (1994) has criticized the tenets of the Four Ps of marketing which according to him is a weak perspective altogether that has several negative implications on various critical aspects of marketing such as research and application, the limitations of traditional marketing approaches such as the Four Ps of marketing have also been recognized by Bitner (1991) who like Vargo & Lusch (2004) believes that conventional marketing concepts such as the Four Ps of marketing have contributed towards limiting the scope of marketing by asserting that decisions related to a product can be described in merely four dimensions. Owing to the limitations of traditional marketing concepts as identified by Gronroos (1994), Hutton (1996) presents a need to include public relations and politics in as relatively newer dimensions of the Four Ps. Several researches and literature conducted since the 1990s and even earlier, indicate that marketers must incorporate modern perspectives with traditional v iews to cater to the consumer of today. This view is greatly highlights the benefits of moving towards contemporary approaches and logics to marketing, the most important of which is the concept of relationship marketing (Gronroos, 1994; Vargo & Lusch, 2004). According to Berry (1995), relationship marketing aims to focus more on the approach of retaining existing customers rather than utilizing a majority of the organization’s resources in the pursuit of attracting new customers. The importance of customer retention is so vital to the progress of an organization that a study conducted by Reichbheld & Sasser (1990) concluded that even if an organization is able to increase its customer retention rates by 5 percent; such a move reflects enhanced customer loyalty which directly correlates to an increase in profits between 25 to 125 percent. Hennig-Thurau et al. (2002) noted that aspects such as customer satisfaction, customer loyalty and commitment are integral factors contribu ting successfully to the concept of relationship marketing. Gronross (1990) supports this view by suggesting that as a discipline marketing concerns itself with the management of relationships, a tenet which is needed more importantly in the service sector, and the commentator postulates that in a context where tangibility of products and goods is non-existent, traditional concepts of marketing cannot effectively deal with the issues related to service-related businesses. An intriguing view of modern marketing has been presented by Edgett & Parkinson (1993) who claim that traditionalist marketing approaches maybe equally effective in service sector marketing, where customer-orientation and customer relationship management is the primary focus. Krueger et al. (2003) on the contrary argue that technological advancements and the wide-spread popularity of the Internet across the globe, has contributed towards changing business dynamics an example of which is the availability of legal on line music. It is argued that with regards to the marketing of goods, an

Sports Activities at School Essay Example for Free

Sports Activities at School Essay Introduction The aim of this report is to analyse why so many students aren’t motivated to do a lot of sports activities at school. A number of students and teachers were interviewed and their suggestions for changes to the methods are summarised. The problem * There aren’t a lot of different sport activities offered at school There don’t seem to be a lot of sports that can be played at school. Only a few sorts of sports are offered and that are football, that isn’t even weekly and a real competition, and softball. If these sports don’t fit you, you haven’t got a lot of opportunities to play sports at school. * Students don’t intend to sport a lot anymore Students aren’t known for their plesure of moving and sporting a lot. The electronics swallow a lot of their spare time, and they aren’t motivated to play sports in their leisure time, because it’s less exciting. Improving the situation What steps can be taken to improve the situation? I would recommend that teachers place more emphasis on increasing the different sorts of sports that are offered at school, in order to get students more motivated. When they are allowed to choose the sport that attracts them most, they will become more motivated. When students are playing a sport they enjoy, they will easily resist the instant tempation of their electronic games. Conclusion Students aren’t as motivated for sports as they should be. There aren’t enough sports activities offered at school, which leads to low motivation on the part of students. In my opinion there should be given more choices to the students what sport they want to practice. When they get to choose from sports they enjoy, they will get more motivated.

Act 2, Scene 2 of William Shakespeares Henry :: Papers

Act 2, Scene 2 of William Shakespeare's Henry How does Shakespeare present Henry (and, by extension, England) in this scene? Refer in your answer to Shakespeare's language, stagecraft and sense of audience, as well as the two-filmed versions you have seen. Shakespeare presents Henry using a variety of language and stagecraft, in Act two, scene two, Shakespeare shows how Henry has a bad temper, and can go off into towering rages. First comes to the unmasking of the conspirators Cambridge, Scroop and Gray. Shakespeare uses a lot of exquisite dramatic art and a sense of the effect of irony. He makes Henry only seem to be concerned for the good of his kingdom. One of the personalities that Henry has is his liking for games. He plays with Scroop and the other traitors, handing them letters that they think are promotions when in reality they are letters to inform them that Henry knows their secret. Shakespeare's use of language was complex as he referred to biblical references and historical references through out the play. When he gets to Scroop, Henry stops using the 'we' pronoun. Shakespeare uses many linguistic devices, for example rhetorical questions. "Wouldst thou have practiced on me for my use?" This makes a difference in the tone of voice, and also in its structure, otherwise, all Henry would be doing is making statements. He also uses a pun during the first part of the speech, when addressing Cambridge. "This man, for a few light crowns hath lightly conspiredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦". Shakespeare used a pun for a slight contrast in the atmosphere, otherwise everything in his speech would be is very serious. Henry also uses personification: "Treason and murder ever kept together, as two yoke-devils sworn to each other's purposeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦" This technique is used as Henry can only imagine Scroop had been possessed, and not that he did this by his own choice. With this metaphor of a demon, he refers to him as betraying a good friend and because of this, sending him to death is what a king has to do.

Information Literacy in the Philippines Essay

T he 2003 Functional Literacy, Education and Mass Media Survey (FLEMMS) is a national survey that gathers information on basic and functional literacy status of the population which will be used as basis of education policies and programs that will improve the coverage and quality of education and literacy in the country. It is the third in a series of functional literacy surveys conducted in 1989 and 1994. the elementary level. One in every 10 had no formal education (9. 0%). This proportion is somewhat high despite the government’s commitment to provide basic education to all Filipinos. Those who have graduated from an elementary school but did not proceed to a secondary level comprised 11 percent. Sixteen percent have reached but did not finish high school level while another 16 percent have finished high school level. Likewise, 16 percent either have reached but did not complete college level (8. 3%) or have actually finished college or any higher level of education (8. 0%). B. Attendance in School Two-thirds of the estimated 34 million population 6 to 24 years old, were attending school during the school year covering June 2003 to March or April 2004, or semester covering November 2003 to March or April 2004. In Western Visayas (Region VI), Bicol (Region V), CAR, Cagayan Valley (Region II), and Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, and Palawan (MIMAROPA), approximately seven out of 10 children and youth were enrolled during the cited school year or semester. In ARMM, only about five in every 10 children and youth were enrolled. C. Net Enrollment Ratio The net enrollment ratio for the primary school age children or the ratio of the number of children 6 to 11 years old who were enrolled in elementary grades to the total number of children in this age group is around 82 percent. The 2003 FLEMMS is conducted by the National Statistics Office (NSO) in coordination with the Literacy Coordinating Council (LCC) and the Department of Education (DepEd). The LCC provides overall coordination in policy formulation and program implementation of all inter-agency activities to achieve the goals of the United Nations Literacy Decade (UNLD). With LCC at the helm, the DepEd, Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG), National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), Philippine Information Agency (PIA), Philippine Normal University (PNU), Senate, House of Representative, and NonGovernment Organization (NGO) and the agencies involved in the promotion of literacy from the private and government sectors, the Philippines supports UNLD’s goal to increase global literacy levels by 50% by 2015. 2003 FLEMMS Highlights A. Highest Educational Attainment The largest proportion of Filipinos aged 6 years and older were elementary graders. According to the 2003 FLEMMS, 29% of the estimated 69 million population 6 years old and above in 2003, or three out of 10 persons in that age group, have attended an elementary school but did not complete 1 ABIVA ABIVA PUBLISHING HOUSE, INC. The net enrollment ratios for the population in the secondary school ages and those in the tertiary school ages are much lower. Approximately six out of 10 persons of secondary school ages, or persons aged 12 to 15 years were enrolled in high school. Only one-fifth of those in the tertiary school ages or persons aged 16 to 24 years were attending college. The net enrollment ratio among females is generally higher than males. D. Mode of Travel to School The children’s mode of travel to school shows that more than half of the students aged 6 to 24 years went to school by walking (54. 5%). Tricycle and jeepney were also commonly used. Two out of five students either took a tricycle or a jeepney. E. Reason for not Attending School Of the 34 million population aged 6-24, 34 percent or 11. 6 million were not attending school. Of this number, 30 percent were not attending school mainly because they were working or looking for work, 22 percent lacked interest in going to school and 20 percent could not afford high cost of education. F. Basic or Simple Literacy Of the estimated 62 million Filipinos 10 years old and over, around 93 percent were basically literate. Basic or simple literacy is the ability of a person to read and write with understanding a simple message in any language or dialect. The basic literacy rate in 2003 is similar to the 1994 rate of 94 percent. The basic literacy rate among females (94. 3%) is higher compared to their male counterpart (92. 6%). G. Functional Literacy A self-administered functional literacy questionnaire was accomplished by persons 10 to 64 years old in order to determine their literacy status. The 2003 FLEMMS revealed a functional literacy rate which is similar to the 1994 rate of 84 percent. Of the estimated 58 million Filipinos 10 to 64 years old, around 49 million were functionally literate. The functional literacy rate among females is higher than among males (86. 3% vs. 81.9%). Survey results also show that seven out of 10 persons aged 10 to 64 years who were poor were functionally literate compared to nine out of 10 among the non-poor. H. Mass Media One question in the FLEMMS self-administered questionnaires asked the respondents to choose which among the different forms of mass media can give him or her knowledge and information. Among the 12 different forms of mass media, TV (61. 8%), radio (56. 7%), and newspaper (46. 5%) were most commonly cited by the respondents as possible sources of knowledge and information to them. Other forms of mass media reported by at least two in every 10 respondents are magazine/book (35. 7%), meetings of barangay, church and other organizations (32. 2%), and computer/internet (20. 0%). I. Attendance in Non-Formal Training Of the 51 million population 15 years old and over, 19 percent (9. 7 million) have attended a livelihood adult literacy program or non-formal training. Non-formal training includes basic literacy, functional literacy, livelihood training, basic vocational training, citizenship training, values development and leadership training. Of those who attended livelihood training, 18 percent participated in values development training, and 13 percent joined leadership training. Strategic Partners The national campaign against illiteracy, as designed by the LCC, is built on the concept of a grand alliance among the public education sector, the private sector, and the local government unit with the local authorities assuming full leadership and responsibility to make the program sustainable. The Council is set to review and evaluate its program and hopefully, take it to the next  level of advocacy—total local government involvement. To cultivate strategic partnerships with local governments, the Council undertook an awards program that is calculated to cultivate literacy advocacy among the local government units (LGUs) and harness local power and resources to combat illiteracy. One success story is Antipolo City which made history by winning the first ever Hall of Fame Award for the Most Outstanding Local Government Unit category. For three consecutive years, from 2002-2004, Antipolo City was declared as the Most Outstanding Local Government Unit for the Component City category. As a result, Antipolo City helped the 5-year-old Outstanding Literacy Program Awards establish a significant benchmark in the drive to eradicate illiteracy in the Philippines. This also proves that strong and sustained support from LGUs greatly helps in achieving the desired literacy results. Although this is a significant stride in the literacy program, a more concerted effort among educators, learners, communities, and the government is still needed to raise the level of literacy in the country. DR. NORMA L. SALCEDO is the head of the Literacy Coordinating Council (LCC) Secretariat. Copyright ©2007 by Dr. Norma L. Salcedo and Abiva Publishing House, Inc. All rights reserved. ABIVA PUBLISHING HOUSE, INC.

Chem 130 Chp. 15

Chp. 15 Chemical equilibrium: Occurs when a reaction and its reverse reaction (opposing reactions) proceed at the same rate At equilibrium the rate at which products are produced from reactants equals the rate at which reactants are produced from products At equilibrium a particular ratio of concentration terms equals a constant The composition of an equilibrium mixture does not change with time Kc: equilibrium constant 15. 2 Law of mass action: expresses the relationship between the concentrations of the reactants and products present at equilibrium 5. 3 * * LARGE VALUE OF Kc: Equilibrium mixture contains more products than reactants = product side (right side) K > 1 *SMALL VALUE OF Kc: Equilibrium mixture contains less products than reactants = reactant side (left side) K < 1 The equilibrium-constant expression for a reaction written in one direction is the reciprocal of the one for the reaction written in the reverse direction Multiplying all the stoichiometric coefficients by a n umber gives the equilibrium constant for the original reaction raised to that number 15. 4Concentrations of PURE SOLIDS and LIQUIDS DO NOT appear in equilibrium expression L S 15. 5 ICE TABLS 15. 6 15. 7 Le chateliers principle: IF a system at equilibrium is disturbed by a change in temperature, pressure, or the concentration of one of the components, the system will shift its equilibrium position so as to counteract the effect of the disturbance % of NH3 at equilibrium decreases with increasing temperature and increases with increasing pressure * * Endothermic reaction: increase in temperature shifts equilibrium to right reactant bsorbs heat Increasing T results in an increase K * Exothermic reaction: Temperature increase shifts equilibrium to left product gives off heat Increasing T results in decreasing K * * Increasing pressure ( decreasing volume): equilibrium shifts in the direction producing the smaller number of moles of gas will reduce the pressure * * Decreasing pressure ( increasing volume): equilibrium shifts in the direction producing the larger number of moles of gas produces more pressure

College Nutrition Tips for Students

College Nutrition Tips for Students Top 5 Nutrition Tips for College Students Student lifestyle is fun and entertaining on the one hand and stressful and challenging on the other hand. Preparation to exams, studying late, dealing with professors, etc. well, no one said it would be easy to become a student. Undoubtedly, there are a lot of factors that a student has to face during college years. However, dont underestimate the importance of good nutrition and proper sleep. Otherwise, you may graduate from college with severe health problems. How to study well and get a diploma along with maintaining healthy eating habits? Follow these tips and tricks to gain success: Useful College Nutrition Tips As a college student, you are very busy. Undoubtedly, it is quite difficult to find time for cooking, so, most probably, fast food is your close friend. However, if you want to maintain good health, fast food is not an option. We have gathered a few simple college nutrition tips that will be helpful for you no matter if you are a student trying to economize your time or if you are a parent, who takes care of his/her child and wants to cook something delicious. The essential secret of successful cooking in a college is in the simplicity of the ingredients. Below you will find six delicious dishes that can be made in just a few minutes. Thai Peanut Noodles that Can Be Done in a Few Minutes! So, take a package of Ramen Noodles, peanuts, peanut butter, and a few seasoned vegetables and get a wonderful Thai dish in just a few minutes. Chicken Tacos To cook this dish, you need to make some chicken in a skillet, add some seasonings, and, of course, onion if you like. Voila! You have tasty chicken tacos in no time! Black Bean Soup Such a soup is a perfect choice for the winter tights and chilly autumn. Having only three basic ingredients, it impresses by the richness of taste. Also, you can add crushed tortilla strips, sour cream, and avocado slices. Big Kahuna Teriyaki Chicken Sandwiches This recipe may seem difficult a bit since it requires having a BBQ grill, but Hibachi grill of George Foreman grill will do as well. Moreover, each of these grills is a perfect option for making the grilled chicken, burgers, and hot dogs. Fresh and Easy Lemon Spaghetti If you believe that cooking pasta is not your cup of tea, you cannot be more wrong. The truth is that one can never go wrong with cooking pasta. This dish is very easy to make, but it is particularly nutritious. Casserole with Vegetables It can be an addition to other dishes, as well as a complete lunch or dinner. It is possible to prepare a casserole not only from fresh but also from frozen vegetables. To do this, you need to pre-boil them for a few minutes in water, steam, or fry. Vegetables will be added to the sauce and cooked on the basis of sour cream. If you want to reduce the number of calories and prepare, for example, a diet casserole with cheese, then the classic yogurt should be the base for the sauce. In this case, it is better to use semi-solid cheese with a low-fat content. You can also add macaroni or cook a casserole with chicken and vegetables to make your meal perfect. If you truly care about your health and dont want to graduate from college with additional 30 pounds, follow these tips. Keeping to a healthy diet makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. Be the one!

How Litter Trashes the Environment

How Litter Trashes the Environment Environmentalists consider littering a nasty side effect of our convenience-oriented disposable culture. Just to highlight the scope of the problem, California alone spends $28 million a year cleaning up and removing litter along its roadways. And once trash gets free, wind and weather move it from streets and highways to parks and waterways. One study found that 18 percent of litter ends up in rivers, streams, and oceans. In particular, the issue of microplastics is particularly dramatic in some parts of our oceans, including the Great Pacific Garbage Patch. Cigarettes a Major Cause of Litter Cigarette butts, snack wrappers and take-out food and beverage containers are the most commonly littered items. Cigarettes are one of the most insidious forms of litter: Each discarded butt takes 12 years to break down, all the while leaching toxic elements such as cadmium, lead, and arsenic into soil and waterways. Litter Typically Viewed as a Local Problem The burden of litter cleanup usually falls to local governments or community groups. Some U.S. states, including Alabama, California, Florida, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Texas, and Virginia, are taking strong measures to prevent litter through public education campaigns, and are spending millions of dollars yearly to clean up. British Columbia, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland also have strong anti-litter campaigns. Keep America Beautiful and Litter Prevention Keep America Beautiful (KAB), the group known for its â€Å"crying Indian† anti-litter TV ads of bygone days, has been organizing litter cleanups across the United States since 1953. KAB has a strong track record of success in litter prevention, though it has been accused of doing the bidding of its industry founders and supporters (which include tobacco and beverage companies) by opposing many mandatory bottle- and can-recycling initiatives over the years and downplaying the issue of litter from cigarettes. Nonetheless, 2.8 million KAB volunteers picked up 200 million pounds of litter in KAB’s annual Great American Cleanup last year [2007]. Litter Prevention Around the World A more grassroots-oriented litter prevention group is Auntie Litter, which started in 1990 in Alabama to help educate students there about the importance of a healthy and clean environment. Today the group works internationally to help students, teachers, and parents eliminate litter in their communities. In Canada, the nonprofit Pitch-In Canada (PIC), founded in the late-1960s by some hippies in British Columbia, has since evolved into a professionally run national organization with a tough anti-litter agenda. Last year 3.5 million Canadians volunteered in PIC’s annual nationwide Cleanup Week. Only You Can Prevent Litter Doing your part to keep litter to a minimum is easy, but it takes vigilance. For starters, never let trash escape from your car, and make sure household garbage bins are sealed tightly so animals can’t get at the contents. Always remember to take your garbage with you upon leaving a park or other public space. And if you’re still smoking, isn’t saving the environment a compelling enough reason to finally quit? Also, if that stretch of roadway you drive every day to work is a haven for litter, offer to clean it up and keep it clean. Many cities and towns welcome â€Å"Adopt-A-Mile† sponsors for particularly litter-prone streets and highways, and your employer might even want to get in on the act by paying you for your volunteer time. Edited by Frederic Beaudry

Application of epidemiology Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Application of epidemiology - Case Study Example of the infections that have occurred within the past year at the facility include the E Coli infection that infected 6 patients at the hospitals Ward 10. Records at the institution also show that there was infection of Fever, coughs and foul smelling urine in various other wards during the same year. Most of the patients who reported high fever were the patients in the intensive care unit but this lasted only a week before it the situation was stabilized. There were 3 patients at the ICU at that time, two males and a female and they recorded high temperatures from late at night till early morning.The other outbreak of these infections was in the pediatric ward, Ward 5 where there was a breakout of cough infections. At the time, the ward had 12 patients, 8 boys and 4 girls. The infection started with a small boy and within a week 7 other patients at the ward had already been put under cough medication. The situation was stabilized in two weeks as the records show this is when the coug h treatment stopped. The treatment of these infection results in an increased expenditure by the hospital. It is therefore important to determine who will bear the costs of this treatment, whether it is the patients, the hospital or if it will be shared by both of them. Even though the patients did not come to the facility with these diseases, they will have to be treated as soon as the symptoms are noticed. The patients can then decide not to pay the extra cost for this extra medication by claiming that the cost was due to negligence by the staff and therefore the cost of treatment lies with the hospital. The issue of whether the patients should be informed of these infections should also be discusses. This is because they might occur without the knowledge of the patients who might think it is just another infection related to their current situation. If they are made aware of these conditions they can sue the hospital for negligence, on the other hand if the patients become aware

Calmodulin Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Calmodulin - Article Example Calmodulin possesses a very important function of stimulating the functioning of different enzymes as well as the mediation of ion channels. The activity of calmodulin is only brought about by the attachment of four calcium ions. This attachment brings about a change in the structure of calmodulin and makes it capable of performing its functions. The withdrawal of calcium ions from calmodulin restores it to its inactive state. The different enzymes that work after being activated by calmodulin include adenylyl cyclase, calcium magnesium ATPase, nitric oxide synthase, phosphorylase kinase, calcium dependent protein kinases and calcium phospholipid dependent protein kinase. It also possesses the function of acting on certain receptors like NMDA-type glutamate receptor as well as on ion movement pathways which include L-type calcium channels. Calmodulin also has an effect on other cellular mechanisms. The contractility of smooth muscle is one such function. In cells that are non-contrac ting, calmodulin has an effect on the motile activity of the cells and other processes like mitosis. The wide ranges of functions that can be performed by calmodulin clearly explain the importance of this protein in the living organisms. Its malfunctioning can result in hampering the activity of many enzymes, ion pathways and affect other regulatory processes (Champe et al 2005; Murray et al

Merger,Acquisition,and International Strageties Assignment

Merger,Acquisition,and International Strageties - Assignment Example It has been clarified that the merger of the two companies was enhanced by the fact that AMR corporation had previously encountered numerous loses. Therefore, it was within the best interest to file a case to declare the status of bankruptcy. Therefore, the engagement into a merger concept was seen as one of the best ways that would restore the organizational, financial status back to normalcy. Initially, American airways were recognized as one of the lucrative companies in the airline industry with up to 3100 flights departing from the United States and other different parts of the world on a daily basis. An airline company with integrated customer’s carriers employed over 32,000 aviation personnel. Having played an active role in human rights network, the organization was rewarded 100 percent by the human right corporation because of the quality index and campaign for the transgender employees. By the beginning of 2012, the airline corporation started feeling the effect of financial turbulence. As such, it was declared bankrupt by the united stain the department of justice to forge ahead for the merger by the United States airways and form American Airline Inc (Bryer & Simensky, 2002). It was considered a vital step towards reviving the organizational level of competitiveness. Therefore, AMR Corporation applied to Dallas/Fort worth court and requested for bankrupt cy approval permitting merger to a United States airways group. At first the application was not very successful, but after court judge Sean Lane intervened the procedure was allowed to continue. Although the two American airline companies were given go ahead to form a merger, coming up with a single certificate took some time while the newly formed organization had already started enjoying numerous benefits. For instance, the merger was perceived to as a wise decision because it has created an open way

Food Hygiene & Sanitation Essay Example for Free

Food Hygiene Sanitation Essay Only without oxygen at an ideal temperature 43? C c. Only with oxygen at an ideal temperature of 43? C d. Only without oxygen at an ideal temperature of 39? C 7. Which of the following groups of hazards are most likely to cause a foodborne disease outbreak? a. Bacteria and viruses b. Parasites and molds c. Vibrio spp. and Shigella spp. d. Chemical and physical hazards 8. Bacteria grow best within a narrow temperature range called the temperature danger zone. The temperature danger zone is between: a. -18? C and 104? C b. -8? C and 65? C c. 5? C and 60? C d. 5? C and 100? C . Bacteria that cause foodborne illness will only grow on foods that have pH at _____ or above and a water activity (AW) above____. a. 3. 2; 0. 85 b. 4. 6; 0. 85 c. 6. 5; 0. 80 d. 8. 0; 0. 75 10. Which of the following bacteria produce a toxin that is more likely to cause death if consumed? a. Campylobacter jejuni b. Clostridium botulinum c. Shiga-toxin producing Escheria coli d. Listeria monocytogenes 11. Some bacteria form spores to help them: a. Reproduce b. Move easily from one location to another c. Survive adverse environmental conditions d. Grow in high acidic foods 12. Which of the following is a histamine poisoning? a. Ciguatoxin b. Scombrotoxin c. Mycotoxin d. Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) 13. Which of the following is not considered a potentially hazardous food group? a. Red meats b. Fish and shellfish c. Poultry and eggs d. Dried grains and spices 14. The most effective way to control the growth of bacteria in a food establishment is by controlling: a. Time and temperature b. pH and oxygen conditions c. Temperature and water activity d. Time and food availability 15. Food borne illness can caused by: a. Poor personal hygiene b. Cross contamination c. Temperature abuse d. All the above 16. Regarding food thermometers, which statement is false? a. Be calibrated b. Measure temperatures between 5? C and 57? C c. Measure temperatures between -18? C and 104? C d. Be approved for use in foods 17. Good personal hygiene includes a. Using hand sanitizers instead of washing hand b. Keeping hands and clothes clean and sanitary c. Wearing attractive uniforms d. Cleaning and sanitizing food-contact surfaces 18. Cross contamination is a term used to describe the transfer of a foodborne hazard from 1 food to another: a. By a food worker’s hand b. From a cutting board c. From a knife blade d. All of the above 19. After proper cooking, all foods that are to be held hot must be held at: a. 74? C or above b. 57? C or above c. Room temperature until served d. 49? C or above 20. Food workers should wash their hands after which of the following? a. Taking out the trash b. Touching their faces c. Handling raw food d. All of the above Section B (10 marks) Answer either True/ False. 1. The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point System is only used to monitor food processing in manufacturing plants. () 2. Certification of food protection managers and workers refers to screening done for health problems. () 3. The term food establishment includes any site where food is processed, prepared, sold or served. () 4. Bacteria and viruses cause most foodborne illness. () 5. One of the potentially hazardous food is cut melons. () 6. There are two types of bacteria that are spore forming and non-spore forming. () 7. Clostridium botulinum cannot cause death. () 8. E. Coli can be found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals. () 9. Prevention of cross contamination can be done by keeping raw food and ready-to-eat food together during storage. ) 10. Bacteria take 25 minutes to multiply. () Section C (20 marks) Briefly explain on each answer. 1.

The Scarlet Letter Essay example -- Literary Analysis, Hawthorne

The trouble that one letter can cause to so many people can be described as nothing short of incredible. The power of the scarlet letter can change a life, a community, and be a harder punishment than people will ever understand. In the novel The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne gives the scarlet letter three significant meanings that are revealed through different scenes within the novel. The Scarlet letter was pushed upon Hester Prynne by a theocratic society, for a sin that she had committed with a man whose name she would not reveal. The theocratic society placed Hester inside a jail with iron clamped doors. The jail was rusted, had iron spikes, and was decaying. The only sign of life this jail had was a wild red rose bush growing outside the door. When the prison door opened, she stood fully reveled to the town people and pulled the child closely to her chest and began to walk out. The narrator gives in detail the vision the people of Boston saw as they looked at Hester, â€Å"On the breast of her gown, in fine red cloth surrounded with an elaborate embroidery and fantastic flourishes of gold thread, appeared the letter â€Å"A.† It was so artistically done, and with so much fertility and gorgeous luxuriance of fancy, that it had the effect of a last and fitting decoration to the apparel which she wore† (51). The scarlet letter made Hester one of her own kind and separated her from the entire town. She was looked at as a sinner, being judged every time she walked into town, and was an example of sin. The scarlet letter made her different and the narrator explains, â€Å"It had the effect of a spell, taking her out of the ordinary relations with humanity and enclosing her in a sphere by herself† (52). Hester was now due for the punish... ...for her committing Adultery. After this letter is placed upon her bosom she stands upon the scaffold in front of the theocratic society holding a infant in her arms and bearing the letter on her chest. The letter also means the same thing for Dimmesdale but his pain is placed within and leaves a burn upon his chest. Dimmesdale then sees a letter â€Å"A† in the night time sky created by clouds. As a meteor lights up the sky, the letter becomes inflamed with a bright red color. That same â€Å"A† is noticed by the towns’ people in memory of the governor and they believe it means â€Å"Angel†. However, as years pass and Hester begins to be a great influence in the city of Boston, the â€Å"A† stands for â€Å"Able† showing the strength that Hester endures. As one reads this novel, one can choose which meaning is the most significant and most symbolic, as Hester lives a life of ignominy.

Extracurricular Activities

Contents 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 2. Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 3. Survey Findings†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 4. Analysis of Data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 5. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 6. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 18 Effect of Extracurricular Activities on Academic Performance at NSU Introduction Music, volunteer work, community service, sports, debating, etc—all of these have an influence on how university students perform academically.The way students choose to spend their free time can affect their academic performance; it is not simply traditional in-class instruction that impacts academic achievement. â€Å"A study by the U. S. Department of Education revealed that students who participate in co-curricular activities are three times more likely to have a grade point average of 3. 0 or better† than students who do not participate in co-curricular activities (Stephens & Schaben, 2002, para. ). In addition to co-curricular or extracurricular activities, â€Å"analyses revealed that regardless of students’ background and prior achievement, various parenting, volunteering, and home learning activities positively influenced student grades† (Simon, 2001, para. 1). Numerous studies have examined the factors influencing students’ academic achievement, and many activities were found to have a significant influence.According to BUGS (Bringing Up Girls in Science), a program for young girls and their parents at the University of North Texas, â€Å"the home environment is among the most important influences on academic performance† (Bringing Up Girls in Science, 2003, para. 2). A correlation appears to exist between the activities that students choose outside of the classroom and their academic performance. One of the main controversies is the effect that television viewing of students has on their academic achievement. â€Å"The relationship between cognitive development and television viewing has been the one most widely studied.Investigators disagree about the effects of this relationship† (Shin, 2004, para. 2). The amount and quality of television viewing and family involvement are not the only influences of academic performance. The effects of music and sports are also controversial in their relation to academic performance. University Deans are interested in the relationship between academic achievement and participation in interscholastic sports at university level these days implying that sports do have some sort of influence on how students perform academically.All of these activities appear to have some sort of effect on students’ academic performance; however, the issue of whether they benefit or hinder is unknown. The research would be described as a descriptive study because it observes behaviors â€Å"as they occur naturally, describes behav ior, explores a phenomenon, and tests hypotheses about behavior† (Brown, Cozby, Kee, & Worden, 1999, p. 75). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine whether or not the club activities that students of North South University (where I study currently) take part in have an effect on their academic performance.I believe that extracurricular activities (club activities) have a positive effect on a student’s academic performance at NSU. | | | | Literature Review The History of Extracurricular Activities The development of extracurricular activities was slow in the beginning, with many seeing it simply as a fad that would pass and quickly fade out of style (Millard, 1930, p. 11). One of the early philosophies behind extracurricular activities was that they should, wherever at all possible, â€Å"grow out of curricular activities and return to curricular activities to enrich them† (Millard, 1930, p. 2). Eventually people, including educators, began to see th e benefits of extracurricular activities, but it took a while to inure themselves to them. In fact, before 1900, educators were skeptical of participation in extracurricular activities, believing that â€Å"school should focus solely on narrowly defined academic outcomes. Non-academic activities were viewed as being primarily recreational and therefore were detrimental to academic achievement, and consequently were discouraged† (Marsh & Kleitman, 2002, para. 5).Deam and Bear, early experts on extracurricular activities, said, â€Å"Extracurricular activities supplement and extend those contacts and experiences found in the more formal part of the program of the school day† (Millard, 1930, p. 16). It was not until recently that â€Å"educational practitioners and researchers have taken a more positive perspective, arguing that extracurricular activities may have positive effects on life skills and may also benefit academic accomplishments† (Marsh & Kleitman, 2002 , para. 5). It is obvious that extracurricular activities have an impact on academic performance and education ever since their inception.The question is, how are extracurricular activities affecting academic performance today? Extracurricular Activities and Academic Performance Numerous studies have been conducted concerning the relationship between extracurricular activities and academic performance. Total extracurricular activity participation (TEAP), or participation in extracurricular activities in general, is associated with an improved grade point average, higher educational aspirations, increased college attendance, and reduced absenteeism† (Broh, 2002, para. 8).Guest and Schneider (2003), in looking at the previous research on this subject said, â€Å"Researchers have found positive associations between extracurricular participation and academic achievement† (para. 2). Although researchers agree that extracurricular activities do, in fact, influence academic pe rformance, the specific effect that various activities produce is debated. One study, conducted by the National Educational Longitudinal Study, found that â€Å"participation in some activities improves achievement, while participation in others diminishes achievement† (Broh, 2002, para. ). Many extracurricular activities have proven to be beneficial in building and strengthening academic achievement, even if the activities are not obviously related to academic subjects (Marsh & Kleitman, 2002, para. 9). â€Å"A number of studies revealed that students participating in extracurricular activities did better academically than students who did not participate† (Marsh & Kleitman, 2002, para. 7). Researchers have particularly studied the relationship between extracurricular activities and academic performance in adolescents.One study found that â€Å"adolescents who participated in extracurricular activities reported higher grades, more positive attitudes toward school, an d higher academic aspirations† (Darling, Caldwell, & Smith, 2005, para. 1). Darling, Caldwell, and Smith (2005) conducted a longitudinal study concerning extracurricular activities and their effect on various aspects of development, including academic performance. A survey containing a list of twenty different extracurricular activities was distributed to students; they were asked to check which extracurricular activities they participated in that year.Demographic questions, such as their favorite activity, gender, and ethnicity were asked in order to take the social factors and influences into account when calculating the results. The students were also asked what their academic goals were and their grade point average. The results showed that the students who participated in school-based extracurricular activities had higher grades, higher academic aspirations, and better academic attitudes than those who were not involved in extracurricular activities at all (Para. 3-35). S ocial Influences of Extracurricular Activities and Academic Performance Numerous studies indicate that extracurricular activities do, in fact, promote academic performance in students. However, are the extracurricular activities themselves, regardless of outside or social influences, responsible for this impact on academic performance? Guest and Schneider (2003) conducted research on what influence various social factors had on the relationship between extracurricular activities and academic performance.They found that most of the studies previously conducted on the relationship between these two factors had not taken into account the meaning that participation in extracurricular activities â€Å"[held] for individual participants within distinct social contexts† (Para. 3). They believed that every school and community assigned certain values to the various activities, putting more importance on some over others. The value that is placed on each activity affects the relations hip between that specific activity and academic performance (Guest & Schneider, 2003, para. ). Guest and Schneider (2003) concluded that there are three factors which influence this relationship. These factors are the â€Å"what,† the â€Å"where,† and the â€Å"when† (Para. 7). The â€Å"what† suggests that â€Å"the type of participation or activity undertaken influences developmental outcomes† (Guest & Schneider, 2003, para. 8). The â€Å"where† suggests â€Å"that the school and community context in which extracurricular activity takes place matters† (Guest & Schneider, 2003, para. 9).Finally, the â€Å"when† suggests â€Å"that the developmental and historical context in which extracurricular participation takes place influences both how it is valued and its effects on subsequent development† (Guest & Schneider, 2003, para. 10). All three of these factors work together to influence the relationship between participa tion in extracurricular activities and academic performance, because each one places a different value both on activities and academics. Formal Versus Informal Extracurricular Activities Some researchers have divided extracurricular activities into informal and formal activities.The formal activities include activities which are relatively structured, such as participating in athletics or learning to play a musical instrument. Informal activities, on the other hand, also known as leisure activities, include less structured activities, such as watching television. Some literature on leisure studies has â€Å"suggested that formal and informal activity settings have different influences on motivation and feelings of competence,† two factors which influence academic performance (Guest & Schneider, 2003, para. 8).One study found â€Å"that more time in leisure activities was related to poorer academic grades, poorer work habits, and poorer emotional adjustments,† while mor e time in â€Å"structured groups and less time watching TV were associated with higher test scores and school grades† (Marsh & Kleitman, 2002, para. 15). Guest and Schneider (2003), in their study, found that â€Å"the type of participation or activity undertaken influences developmental outcomes (Para. 8). This involves the â€Å"what† factor and is the concern of this research project.There have been many studies conducted on the influence that extracurricular activities have on academic performance. Their effects have â€Å"differed substantially for different activities. There were a total of seventy-six statistically significant effects, fifty-eight positive and eighteen negative† (Marsh & Kleitman, 2002, para. 11). The Relationship Between Volunteer Work and Academic Performance A dearth of literature on the relationship between volunteering and academic achievement exists; nevertheless, it is becoming more popular in academic settings as a way of improv ing academics, as well as society.Many schools now require their students to complete a mandatory number of hours of volunteer work per year or semester. Schools have implemented â€Å"service learning,† which incorporates community service and volunteer work into the curriculum, because it has been proven to have a positive effect on academic performance (Hinck & Brandell, 1999). Service learning â€Å"can and does have a positive impact on the psychological, social, and intellectual development of adolescents who participate† (Hinck & Brandell, 1999, para. 11).Usually the services performed are related, in some way, to some academic subject, but most forms of volunteer work and community service can be tied to academics in one way or another. As a result, â€Å"more and more studies are finding that increased academic growth is the result when service is combined with intellectual content† (Hinck & Brandell, 1999, para. 17). One study, conducted on over 2,000 students enrolled in kindergarten through twelfth grade, found that student performance improved as a result of service learning (Hinck & Brandell, 1999, para. 17).The Texas Council of Chief State School Officers reported that â€Å"involvement in service learning affects students’ higher level thinking skills, motivation to learn, application of learning, insight, and basic academic skills† (Hinck & Brandell, 1999, para. 18). One study performed to determine the relationship between academic performance and community partnerships found that â€Å"regardless of students’ background and prior achievement, volunteering activities positively influenced student grades, course credits completed, attendance, behavior, and school preparedness† (Simon, 2001, para. 1).All of the literature concerning the relationship between academic performance and volunteering presented a positive relationship. (Citied in Fujita, 2005) Survey Findings Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Analysis of Data When asked whether their CGPA improves when they are actively involved with club activities and events, eighty percent members of North South University Social Services Club, sixty percent members of North South University Sports Club and eighty percent members of North South University Shangskritik Shanghatan responded with ‘no’.They also answered ‘negative’ when asked what kind of effect their chosen extracurricular activity has on their academic performance in the same percentages. This clearly shows that the majority of the members of these three clubs feel that they perform poor in their academics when they are involved with club works. The activities of the club, although it may provide satisfaction to the active members, it does not help them with their studies. The courses they take at NSU have no relation with the activities of the club.Therefore, they get ex hausted after doing the activities of the club and do not get time to concentrate on their studies. And also, since the activities of these three clubs have no relation with the courses offered at NSU, it does not help them with their academics in any way. However, a totally different picture can be seen when the responses of the active members of Young Economists’ Forum (YEF) and North South University English Club are analyzed. Here, it should be mentioned that all the members who filled up the questionnaires from these two clubs were from the Economics and English departments respectively.Although it is not mandatory for the members of YEF to be from the economics department and for the members of English club to be from the English department, my sample included all YEF members from the Economics department and all English Club members from the English department. So, this is one of the major reasons for eighty percent of YEF members and sixty percent of English Club memb ers to respond with ‘yes’ when asked whether their CGPA improves when they are actively involved with club activities.Respectively, they also answered ‘positive’ with the same percentage when asked what kind of influence their chosen ECA has on their academic performance. This shows that since the extracurricular activities chosen by the members of YEF and English Club from the selected sample are related to their field of study at NSU, they feel their CGPA improves and that the activities have a positive effect on their academic performance. Finally, when the CGPA of the total sample is analyzed, it can be seen that sixty percent of the total sample have a bad CGPA between 1. 05 and 3. 00.The rest forty percent have a very good CGPA between 3. 01 and 3. 97. The students with good CGPA belong to clubs which organize activities related to the student’s academics. This further strengthens the argument that students who are involved in club activities w hich complements their studies perform well in their studies than those students whose club activities are unrelated to their academics. Conclusion From the conducted survey, it can be concluded that my hypothesis is partially proved correct. Extracurricular activities in the form of club activities do have a positive effect on a student’s academic performance at NSU.However, the club activity must be related to the courses taken by the students or their field of study. It helps the students perform better in their academics and score better grades if the club activities they are involved in helps broaden the students’ knowledge about his chosen field of study at NSU. If students’ choose to become a member of a club whose activities have no relation with their academics, although they may become very skilled at those activities but this will hamper their study, and their academic performance will go down in the form of a low CGPA.All being said and done, student s should not base their decision of getting involved in club activities or participating in any other extracurricular activity from the findings of this study. This research is only a small attempt to find out the relationship between extracurricular activities and academic performance at NSU. Students should set their priorities themselves and choose their extracurricular activity accordingly or choose them according to their interests. They have the liberty to do so as they are mature adults.However, it would be wise if students chose their extracurricular activities carefully. At the end of the day, academic performance matters the most. 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